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59 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Properties of skeletal growth
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Skeleton is initially cartilage (moderately cellular, with firm ground substance that grows)
Cartilage forms a model which calcifies slowly Becomes bone which can no longer grow Growth becomes concentrated in remaining cartilage Growth area is cellular and weak in comparison to calcified bone |
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What is the growth area known as? What is it?
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The epiphyseal plate - smallest / narrowest part of the bone when the growth rate is at its fastest
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Why do skeletal injuries occur and where?
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At the epiphyseal plate because the cartilage that is growing is weaker than calcified bone and the ligaments which hold joints together
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What is it baout epiphyseal plates and X-rays? So what?
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They don't show up on x-rays so every injury must be taken seriously in young age group
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Skeletal traction injuries - areas of attachment
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Tibial tubercle
Distal patella Os Calcis Navicular Flexor Epicondyle |
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How do Skeletal Traction injuries occur?
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Overuse, repetitive traction pulls the epiphysis (apophysis in this situation) off the underlying bone, plate compensates with accelerated growth, maintains integrity of the bone but results in large bump
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Skeletal traction injuries can also be cause by what other than overuse?
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One large contraction, known as an avulsion fracture - the powerful patellar tendon pulls on the tibial tubercle
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Tibial Tubercle
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A separate growth center or epiphysis separated from underlying bone by a narrow epiphyseal plate
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What happens if the tibial tubercle gets pulled away from the underlying bone?
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The epiphyseal plate overgrows to compensate for the movement resulting in a large bump over the area
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Where can bumps from skeletal traction injuries occur?
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Anywhere a ligament or tendon attaches, can be traumatic or acute
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Cause of widening of the pelvis before significant long bone growth?
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Obese, taller, longer limbed child
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Results of overweight and widening of the hips?
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Increase Q angle at the knee, increased knee pain, activity decrease, increased weight gain, increasing stress on the knees, increasing knee pain
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Weight training for children
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Not able to hypertrophy due to lack of testosterone
Epiphyseal plate injuries Increase in coordination and neurological changes Mixed review in literature on increase risk injuries Low weight high reps Long distance running - Decrease heat tolerance, overuse injuries |
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Abnormal Gait Patterns (3)
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Pain (decrease single leg stance)
Circumducted (decrease ROM of hip, knee, ank) Ataxic (poor coordination all movements exaggerated) |
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Abnormal Gait Patterns (4)
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Drop Foot loss of strenght of tib anterior
Trendelenburg - weak abductors Scissors gait - tight adductors, internally rot hips Weak quad - may externally rotate hip to use adductos |
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Environmental Stresses (7)
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Hyper/Hypo thermia
Altitude Exposure to sun Lightning Air pollution Circadian Dysrhythmia |
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Heat Stress
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Overexposure to heat may cause heat illness, preventable, must be able to dissipate heat to maintain homeostasis
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Who is most susceptible to heat stress? Other factors to consider? When else may heat stress be a factor?
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Young and old, the clothing or equipment being worn, also a factor when competing in the cold is heat dissipation is limited and dehydration occurs
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Different types of heat production / exchanges
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Metabolic heat production
Conducive exchange (physical contact with objects) Convective exchange (body heat lost or gained due to medium) Radiant Exchange (from the sun) |
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Evaporative heat loss
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Sweat glands allow water transport to surface
Is key when radiant exchange and environmental termperature higher than body temperature Lose 1 litre of water / hour for 2 hours Air must be water free for evaporation to occure (65% humidity impairs, 75% stops) |
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Preventing heat illness
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Common sense and precaution
Hydration (24 hours pre game) Consume fluids at regular intervals Dehydration |
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Dehydration
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2% of body fluid is lost - mild dehydration
Impairs cardiovascular and thermoregulatory responses -Thirst, dizziness, dry mouth, irritable, fatigue, cramps Cool area and rehydrate |
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Fluid and electrolyte replacement, criteria for dehydration, if thirst is ignored...
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2.5 L per day minimal activity
1 - 2% drop in body weight results in thirst If thirst is ignored: nausea, vomiting, fainting, risk for heat illness |
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How to prevent dehydration
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Stay hydrated, don't ignore thirst, don't let it be indicator of dehydration (when thirsty already dehydrated) hydrate 24 hours prior and post exercise, unlimited access to water
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Sports Drinks how effective are they, why, and optimal CHO level
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More effective than water, flavor increases desire to drink, fluids and electrolytes, small amounts of sodium increases retention of water, optimal CHO is 14g per 240 ml of water, short term and endurance
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Gradual acclimatization, how many days? how to reach 80%
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Most effective method of avoiding heat stress
Progressive exposure for 7-10 days, can reach 80% with 5-6 days 2 2 hour practices a day, equipment restrictions may also help athlete acclimate |
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Susceptible individuals
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Athletes with large muscle mass
Overweight Women more efficient temp regulation Poor fitness, history of heat illness, young and elderly |
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Weight records: record when? and if what? remove from practice if?
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Before and after measures of practice for two weeks
Increase in temp and humidity occurs during the season, weights should be recorded again <2% loss of BW is health threat |
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Heat index: what three things must be monitored?
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Sunshine, humidity, heat
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Heat rash: symptoms, result from what? treatment?
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Red raised rash combined with prickly sweat
Result of continuously wet, un-evaporated sweat Continually toweling body will prevent Generally localized to areas covered with clothing |
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Heat syncope (collapse): associated with, caused by, treat by
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Rapid fatigue and overexposure,
Caused by peripheral vasodilation, or pooling of blood in extremities resulting in fainting Treat by placing athlete in cool environment, consuming fluids, laying down, elevating legs |
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Heat Cramps: what are they, due to what, occurs where?
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Painful muscle spasm due to excessive water loss and electrolyte imbalance
Occurs in individuals in good shape who overexert themselves, prevent by consuming extra fluids + electrolytes Fluid ingestion, light stretching and ice massafe Return to play unlikely |
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Exertional heat exhaustion: result of what, unable to do what, signs include. symptoms are?
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inadequate fluid replacement
unable to sustain cardiac output signs of profuse sweating, pale skin, mildly raised temp, dizzinessm nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, hyperventilation, cramps, loss of coordination Performance may decrease |
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Treatment of heat exhaustion:
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Fluids
Cool environment Remove excess clothing Monitor vital signs Must be fully hydrated and cleared by physician Could progress to heat stroke |
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Exertional heatstroke: characterized by? due to what?
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Characterized by sudden onset - sudden collapse, LOC CNS dysfunction, flushed hot skin, minimal sweating, shallow breathing, strong rapid pulse, core temperature of 104+
Due to breakdown of thermoregulatory mechanism |
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Drastic measures taken to cool someone with heatstroke:
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strip clothing
Sponge with cool water + ice packs do not immerse in water transport to hospital cool first, transport second Avoid exercise one week, gradual return to playafter cleared by physician and asymptomatic to play - Death may result |
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Exertional Hyponatremia: From what? Caused by? Result of? Which athletes at risk?
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From a fluid / electrolyte imbalance (low sodium in blood)
Ingesting too much fluid before, during, after exercise, too little sodium in diet or too much fluids Athletes that ingest large amounts of fluids and sweat a lot are at risk (marathon runners, triathletes) |
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Signs and symptoms of hyponatremia
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progressively worsening headache, nausea, vomiting
Swelling of hands and feet, lethargy, apathy, agitation low blood sodium could compromise CNS and be life threatening If electrolyte levels cant be determined transport to hospital |
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Guidelines for athletes who intentionally lose weight
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Predisposed to heat related illnesses
weight loss should not be accomplished through hydration Gradual process due to loss of body fat |
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Hypothermia
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Impact on warm up and "down time"
Temperature in conjunction with wind chill and dampness or wetness can increase chances |
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Prevention of Hypothermia
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Apparel geared for weather to provide semitropical microclimate for body
Water proof and windproof fabrics Layers and ability to adjust them Be aware of inadequate clothing Be aware of hydration levels to enhance blood volumes and heat maintenance |
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Common cold injuries
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Localized cooling can cause tissue damage (destroys cells, disrupts blood flow, clotting)
Frost nip (ear, nose, chin, fingers, toes, high wind or severe cold, firm skin with cold, painless area, skin peeling and blistering 24 - 72 hours Firm pressure, blowing warm air or hands in armpits, DO NOT RUB |
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Chilblains
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Prolonged exposure causing redness, swelling, tingling pain in toes and fingers due to poor circulation
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Superficial frostbite
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Only skin and subcutaneous tissue, skin appears pale, hard, cold, and waxy
When rewarming the area will feel numb, then sting and burn |
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Deep Frostbite
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Frozen skin requiring hospitalization
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Rewarming techniques
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Gradual (100-110 degrees)
tissue will become blotchy, red, swollen, painful and possibly gangrenous |
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Altitude sickness, occurs where, results in, response is?
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Oxygen deficits resulting in decrease in performance
Most events do not occur at extreme heights Body compensates through tachycardia and hyperventilaton Responses are a result of having fewer red blood cells than necessary to adequately capture available oxygen |
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Increased height causes what?
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Decreased partial pressure = less saturation of red blood cells
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Individual adaptations to altitude for resident, native, or visitor
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Native has larger chest capacity, more alveoli, capillaries, and red blood cells
Resident makes partial adaptations, mitochondria and hemoglobin, glycogen conservation Visitor responds with increased breathing, heart action, hemoglobin, blood alkalinity, myoglobin, and changes in blood flow and enzyme activity |
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Time to adjust to high altitude
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2-3 weeks
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Altitude sickness (acute mountain sickness)
how many will experience when sky diving what do they experience caused by? |
1 out of 3 at 7 - 8 000 feet
headache, nausea, vomiting, sleep disturbance, dyspnea Caused by brain disruption associated with NA K imbalance resulting in fluid retention and cellular pressure change |
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Altitude pulminory edema
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9 - 10 000 feet
Lungs accumulate fluid in alveolar walls forming pulmonary edema Dyspnea, cough, headache, weakness, and unconsciousness Move athlete to lower altitude and provide oxygen |
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Lightning
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#2 cause of death due to weather phenomena
EAP must be set for decision making, cancelling play and return to play |
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Circadian Dyshythmia, what is it and how does body react?
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Desynchronization of biological and biophysical clock
Immediately - protein metabolism Over 8 days - body temperature Three weeks - adrenal hormones |
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Jet lag symptoms
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fatigue, headaches, digestive disorder, changes in blood pressure, HR, hormone and endocrine releases, and bowel habits
Could negatively impact performance and predispose athlete to injury Illness, short term anorexia, headaches, blurred vision, dizziness, insomnia, fatigue younger people adjust more rapidly |
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To prevent jet lag
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Depart well rested
Pre-adjust (eating, hydrated, training schedule) Use caffeine when travelling west Adopt local time on arrival avoid alcohol for whole trip |
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Synthetic Turf
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durable, grat consistency, usable no matter the weather, less maintenance
performance in speed and resiliency variety of surfaces have been created since 60's |
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Debate of synthetic turf:
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No conclusive evidence that synthetic turf increases injury rates
Empirically people agree more injuries occur on turf Loses shock absorption more likely to injure when only training on turf |
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Turf injuries
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More fast on turf, may make more injuries
Shoes that dont stick will signifiantly reduce likelihood of injury Abrasions Turf toe |
