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23 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
Origin of Species, in two sentences. |
- All organisms have descended, with modification, from common ancestors -The mechanism for modification is Natural Selection acting on variation that already exists in nature |
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Mayr's Synopsis of the Origin of Species (three inferences) |
- Production of more individuals than the environment can support leads to a "struggle for existence" -Survival is not random but depends on the hereditary makeup of surviving individuals -Differential reproductive success leads to population changes; favorable traits accumulate over time |
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Five observations that lead to Mayr's inferences regarding the Origin of Species |
- All species have high reproductive potential - Populations tend to remain stable - Environmental resources limited - Individuals of a population vary in their characteristics -Much variation is inherited |
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Archaeopteryx |
A fossil with both bird and reptile characteristics. Famous at the time of Darwin, many thought it was a fake. |
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Who proved extinction was real, and by studying which animal? |
Cuvier; Irish Elk Fossils |
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Law of Succession (Clift, Darwin) |
There will be greater similarities between fossil and extant taxa from the same geographical region, especially if the animal cannot swim or fly |
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Vestigial |
No longer functional (as observed in most other organisms) |
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Trend between olfactory receptor genes and visual acuity |
As visual acuity increases (in monkeys), the percent of fossilized olfactory receptor genes decreases |
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Homology versus Analogy |
Homology = similarity from shared ancestry Analogy = similarity that does not come from decent |
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Evidence for Evolution includes (5 categories) |
-behavioral data (observing animals) -morphological data (studying changes of animal morphology, such as butterfly wings) -Morphology & Homology -Embryological data -molecular genetic data |
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LOF |
Loss of Function alleles; usually lethal when homozygous, but not always! |
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Longest-running ecological plot |
The Morrow Plots; Illinois Long Term Selection Experiment |
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Wolbachia |
Wolbachia, perhaps the most common and widespread intracellular bacterium on Earth, can manipulate the physiology and reproduction of its hosts (example: butterflies in the Samoan islands) |
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HIV co-receptor on t-cells |
CCR5 |
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HIV co-receptor on macrophages |
CXCR4 |
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Cutoff point of when you have "AIDS" |
200 t-cells per cubic mm |
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AZT-triphosphate |
Mimic thiamine, gets incorporated by most versions of reverse transcriptase, and prevents train elongation |
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Best treatment for HIV |
HAART (Highly Active Anti-Retroviral Therapy) Regimes |
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HIV's pg120 protein binds to ? plus coreceptor on the host cell |
CD4 |
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CCR5-delta32 |
32 bp deletion of the CCR5 gene that makes you immune to HIV (when homozygous) |
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When did HIV first jump to humans? |
1884-1924 |
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Microevolution |
change within a species |
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Macroevolution |
Any change the occurs above species |