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171 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
ancestral |
wild type |
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descendant |
current type |
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empirical data |
observational data |
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evolution |
descent with modification, change over time |
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science |
the unbiased interpretation of representative data |
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gathering data _____ science |
is NOT |
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interpreting data ____ science |
IS |
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with dog breed, the agent exerting the selective pressure is: |
human preference |
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the mechanism that drives human preference is: |
artificial selection |
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artifactual selection |
the unintended consequences of artificial selection |
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predation |
agent exerting selective pressure in mantids mechanism |
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traits are aquired by |
mutation |
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mutation is |
random |
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cryptic traits |
traits that help hide |
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mechanism that drives evolution is |
natural selection |
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persistance |
response of the organism or trait to continue survival |
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sexual selection |
subset of natural selection exerting selective pressure in sheep horns |
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convergent evolution |
similar traits manifesting in multiple animals for the same reason (fusiform body in sharks, whales, and penguins) |
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herbivory |
predation for plants |
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evolution _____ driven by need or want |
IS NOT |
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natural selection ____ goal |
HAS NO |
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evolution started ___ |
when life appeared |
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evolution ____ goal |
has NO |
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Process |
evolution/change over time/descent with modification |
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mechanisms |
artificial, artifactual, natural and sexual selection |
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agents |
females, weather, human preference, predation etc. |
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strategy |
various traits organisms manifest that contribute to their survival and reproduction |
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Alfred Wallace |
developed his own theory of natural selection and sent it to Darwin |
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Observations of Darwin |
observations of natural selection, 5 |
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observation 1 |
organisms produce as many offspring as they can from Melvis |
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observation 2 |
resources are limited from Melvis |
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observation 3 |
competition means that some organisms will live and some will die from Melvis |
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observation 4 |
every individual varies from every other individual from literally anyone |
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observation 5 |
some variations lead to competative success and are heritable from farmers |
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Inferences of Darwin |
2 inferences about natural selection |
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inference 1 |
heritable variations which lead to success are more likely to survive |
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inference 2 |
over generations, successful variations collect and over time, change the look or behavior of descendents |
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theory |
culmination of many tested and accepted hypotheses which support one another and that, together, are grand in scope. is FALSIFIABLE. |
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genotype |
collection of traits |
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phenotype |
what you look like |
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every organism possesses a ______ which manifest as a _____ which interacts with the environment |
genotype, phenotype |
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selection operates only on the _____ but only the ____ evolves |
individual; population |
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selection can operate only on the ____ but the ____ genotype change(s) |
phenotype; population |
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genetic drift |
small population where many are wiped out so population seems different |
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bottle neck |
most of population is wiped out and remaining has to repopulate with few survivors |
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pleiotropy |
condition of one gene controlling more than one (and potentially unrelated) phynotypic traits |
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microevolution |
change in allelic makeup at population level |
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macroevolution |
change in species from one to another or from one into two |
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cladogenesis |
macroevolution when the change in species is from one into two |
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allopatric |
2 populations differentiate in 2 separate geographical areas |
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sympatric |
2 populations differentiate in the same geographic area |
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2 types of speciation |
allopatric and sympatric |
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3 steps of speciation |
1. separation by geography 2. separation by reproductive process 3. genetic divergence by accumulation of changes |
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allopatric speciation requires ____ steps of speciation |
all three |
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sypatric speciation requires steps _______ of speciation |
steps 2 and 3 |
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allopatric is ____ common |
more |
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sympatric is _____ interesting |
more |
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dispersal |
occurs from geographic separation |
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dessication |
drying out one of the biggest selective pressures |
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adaptive radiation |
geographic speciation on a grand scale happens when islands appear or after mass extinction |
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reproductive isolation |
when a change differentiates a subset from another (switching preferred food source, switching from day to night activity etc.) |
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prezygotic |
hinder mating or fertilization |
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postzygotic |
hybrid is not viable or not a fertile adult |
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prezygotic examples |
habitat (land v. water), temporal (day v. night active), behavioral (courting), mechanical (flower shape/color), gametic (zygote can't be used) |
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postzygotic example |
inviable hybrid or infertile adult |
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___zygote are more common |
prezygotic |
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need ___, ____, and ____ to cross-breed in nature |
possibility, potential, likelihood |
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Determine if they are the same species |
1. IF you can't mate or 2. IF you can't reproduce or 3. IF you can't produce robust, fertile offspring THEN you are NOT the same species |
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Order of Life |
Domain, Kingdom, Phylum, Class, Order, Family, Genus, Species |
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Two species concepts |
Morphological and Biological |
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Morphological (MSC) |
based on morphology (physical characteristics) most common |
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Biological (BSC) |
based on reproduction preferred |
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Sympatric Speciation |
at least half of all plant species arose by this type of polyploidy |
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polyploidy |
chromosomal renumbering |
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vegetative reproduction |
a way that animals can reproduce (like if you bury a leaf and a tree grows from it) |
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-ploidy |
how many sets of chromosomes the organism is made of (in the case of humans, two so we are diploid) |
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BSC can be limited by |
size, if the animal is asexual |
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MSC is usually done using |
dead organisms |
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the biggest limitation of MSC is that |
you have to pick the right traits (that are relevant and helpful) |
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homologous traits are traits that result from |
common ancestry |
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analogous traits are traits that result from |
evolutionary convergence |
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the newest means of deciphering relationships is via |
DNA |
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Niche |
multidimensional "place" a species occupies in the ecological "landscape" |
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the only thing that can exactly 100% overlap with your niche is |
another animal of your same species |
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in classifications above species, all relationships are ____ |
theoretical; because humans just made them up |
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birds are ____ dinosaurs |
high evolved |
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monophyly |
described ancestor and all descendants |
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paraphyly |
have ancestor but not all descendants |
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polyphyly |
have descendant but not ancestors |
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to be alive, an organism... |
1. is at least a single cell 2. reformulates energy from the outside work in order to... 3. ... maintain its internal environment 4. ... assemble the molecules it needs (to survive, to grow and to reproduce) 5. reliably replicate itself by passing heritable traits onto its viable offspring |
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darwinian fitness |
ability to create more viable offspring that your species neighbor |
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first life on the planet was ___ |
bacteria |
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viruses |
can't replicate can't produce energy have no metabolism are genes in a coat |
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fist life on each was ___ |
4.5 bya |
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oldest fossils are of ____ |
microorganisms |
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first fossils are ____ |
3.5 bya |
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stromatolits |
fossilized beacterial maps |
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radiometric dating |
dating fossils |
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life originated from (3 things) |
1. primeval seas 2. extraterrestrial 3. volcanic vents |
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life evolved ___ |
in the shallow seas |
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largest mass extinction |
the permian 250 mya because of volcanic activity 96% life lost |
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plate tectonics is also known as |
continental drift proposed in 1912 by Wegener |
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most famous mass extinction |
Critaceous 65 mya meteor impact eridium film about 50% marine species lost all dinos lost diversified mammals |
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2 types of cells |
prokaryote and eukaryote |
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2 types of prokaryotes |
1. bacteria (vast majority) 2. archaea (extremophiles) |
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eukaryotes |
developed after prokaryotes evolved by endosymbiosis |
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3 domains |
1. bacteria 2. archaea 3. eukarya |
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stromatalite |
rock which shows fossilized bacteria map 3.5 bya, know bc of radioactive isotopes |
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cyanobacteria |
earliest prokaryotes photosynthetic and produced oxygen |
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flagellum |
50% prokaryotes move via them spiral motion forward movement |
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spiral motion is called |
pump and screw movement |
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most prokaryotes are ___ |
harmless |
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conjugation |
direct transfer of DNA |
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transformation |
picked up from environment (can even be from a dead bacteria) |
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transduction |
phages (viruses) |
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every resistant bacteria that exist came about ____ |
when humans tried to kill it |
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mitochondria and plastids have ____ |
their own DNA and they reproduce |
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Endosymbiont Theory is based on what? |
presence of mitochondria and plastids |
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protist |
most complex eukaryote protists are a kingdom |
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eukarya kindgom includes: |
fungi, animals, plants, protists |
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protozoans |
animal-like protists |
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algae |
plant-like protists |
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molds |
fungus-like protists |
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duplication |
one of the most important genetic mutations every time there is a duplication, you can more DNA to work with. |
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mutation are usually ____ or ____ |
neutral; deleterious |
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founder effect |
population manifesting strange gene that can be tracked back to original ancestor |
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paralogous gene |
same gene, same species duplicated in the same genome
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outer boundary of cells must allow |
1. diffusion 2. osmosis |
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cells must _____ because of size constraints |
specialize |
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organisms group together to form ___ |
colonies |
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orthologous genes |
same gene, different species |
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heritable factors |
genes |
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Mendel was around _____ Darwin |
at about the same time |
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mutation is the only source of ___ |
novel alleles |
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mutation is the most powerful source of ____ |
modification |
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first animal fossils ___ years ago |
575 million |
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cabrian explosion took place ___ years ago |
542-525 million |
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animals, by definition, have ____ cell(s) |
more than one |
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a trait can be "____" instead of physical |
regulatory |
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3 domains |
bacteria, eukarya, archaea |
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4 kingdoms |
plants, animals, fungi, bacteria |
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animals |
multicellular eukarya have NO cell walls
|
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animals that eat others are called |
heterotrophs |
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hox |
gene which controls body part placements |
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every animal but ____ have hox genes |
sponges |
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hox genes are highly ___ |
conserved |
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hox genes are ___ |
homeobox |
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scientists characterize animals by ___ |
body plan |
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body plan symmetry |
1. radial (mirror down the center any way) 2. bilateral (mirror down the center 1 way) 3. asymmetrical |
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cephalization |
convergence of nerve network thus that there is a head and a tail end |
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there are about ___ animal phyla |
35 |
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tissue layers |
1. 0 2. 2 3. 3 |
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body cavity |
1. acoelomate 2. pseudocoelomate 3. coelomate |
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segmentation trends |
1. no segments 2. many segments 3. fewer segments |
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non-bilateral is ____ |
not as successful |
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bilaterial have ____ tissues |
3 |
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non-bilaterial have ____ tissues |
0 or 2 |
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hexapods are _____ with ___ segments and __ legs (on the thorax only) |
insects; 3; 6 |
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4 groups of arthropods |
butterflies/moths bees and wasps flies beetles |
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3 kinds of bilaterial |
iophotrocazoa ecdysozoa deuterostomes |
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2 types of iophotrocazoa |
mollusca annelids |
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mollusca details |
food, visceral mass, mantle no segmentation complete coelom |
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annelids body plan |
segments, chaetae, complete coelom |
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2 types of ecdysozoa |
nematodes arthropods |
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nematodes details |
no segments, pseudocoelum, no circulatory system |
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ecdysozoa |
monophylitic have exoskeletons undergo molting to grow |
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most famous nematode |
c. elegans lab rat of invertibrits eutely (959) |
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arthropods |
over 1 million species have segments, jointed foot, hard exoskeleton ex. hexapods |
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deuterostomes detail |
embryonic cleavage blastopore = anus |
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1 type of deuterostome |
chordate |
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chordate |
post anal tail, pharyngeal slits, notochord, dorsal hallow nerve cord |