Use LEFT and RIGHT arrow keys to navigate between flashcards;
Use UP and DOWN arrow keys to flip the card;
H to show hint;
A reads text to speech;
81 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
Monophyletic Taxon
|
A taxon that includes an acnestor and all of the descendant species from that ancestor
|
|
Monophyletic Taxa
|
The cladistic (phylogenetic systemic) approach to systematics and taxonomy
|
|
Paraphyletic Taxon
(Example of) |
Current evidence indicates that the traditional Class Reptilia, which contains turtles, snakes, and lizards, and crocodilians, but not birds.
|
|
Derived Character
|
Refers to a character that has changed from a previous state, the precious state being referred to as the ancestral or primitive state.
|
|
Shared Ancestral Characters
|
The most useful character for determining the phylogenetic relationshops within a group of organisms. (e.g. relationships between mammals)
|
|
Homologous Characters
|
Characteristics that occur in two or more groups of organisms because they were obtained from the common ancestor of those groups
|
|
Convergent Evolution
|
The independent evolution of similar characters in two or more groups of organisms that did not share a recent common ancestor that possessed the character
|
|
Serial Homology
|
The occurrence of morphologically similar characters in two or more groups of organisms that did not share a recent common ancestor that possessed the character
|
|
Heterochrony
|
Paedomorphosis and peramorphosis are two major types of evolutionary change that result from it
|
|
Paedomorphosis
|
The retention of larval or juvenile features into the adult stage
|
|
Your elbow is ________ to your wrist
|
Proximal
|
|
A dog's nose is ________ to its ears
|
Anterior or Cranial
|
|
Pseudocoelomata
|
The echinoderms, hemichordates, and chordates belong to the clade
|
|
Tunicata (Urochordata)
|
Although Cephalachordata was long recognized as the sister taxon of Craniata, _________ is now thought to possibly be the sister to Craniata
|
|
Cephalochordata
|
Amphioxus is a member of this
|
|
- A dorsal hollow nerve chord
- A post anal tail - An endostyle |
Synapamorphy (s) of Chordata
|
|
Pharynx
|
The anterior region of the digestive tract that lies between the oral cavity and the esophagus
|
|
Pharyngeal Slits
|
Form as outpocketings in the walls of the embryonic pharynx
|
|
Lamprey
|
The notochord is retained as the major axial skeletal element in the adult stage
|
|
Apomorphy
|
A derived or specialised character.
|
|
Plesiomorphy
|
An ancestral or primitive character.
|
|
Synapomorphy
|
An apomorphy (derived or specialised character) shared by two or more groups which originated in their last common ancestor.
|
|
Symplesiomorphy
|
A character shared by a number of groups, but inherited from ancestors older than the last common ancestor.
|
|
- A brain case (cranium)
- Complex sense organs concentrated in the head region (high degree of cephalization) - Muscular pharyngeal and gut wall - Neural crest cells and neurogenic placodes" |
Name the synapomorphy used to recognize Craniata
|
|
Vertebrae
|
Name the synapomorphy used to recognize Vertebrae
|
|
Craniata
|
The calde that includes the vertebrates and the hagfishes
|
|
Ostracoderms
|
The first definitive vertebrates
|
|
Acanthodians
|
The earliest known jawed vertebrates
|
|
Elasmobranchii
|
A clade within Chondricthyes
|
|
Actinopterygii
|
Bass, bluebill, perch, and other teleost are in this taxa
|
|
Eutherians
|
The cat, human, and other placental mammals are?
|
|
Induction
|
The embryonic process whereby a tissue or cell influences the differentiation of an adjacent tissue or cell
|
|
Acrosome
|
The ________ of a spermatozoa (sperm) contain enzymes needed to penetrate the egg membranes during fertilization
|
|
Different types of eggs based on the amount of yolk present
|
The terms microlecithal, mesolecithal, and macrolecithal
|
|
The animal pole (hemisphere) of a vertebrate egg
|
Region of the egg that has little yolk
|
|
Oviparous
|
Vertebrates that lay eggs (embryonic development occurs outside the female with the embryo being nourished by yolk contained in the egg) are termed
|
|
Secondary Egg Membranes
|
Jelly coats, egg capsules, egg shells, are all various types of this
|
|
Vertebrates with macrolecithal eggs
|
Meroblastic (discoidal) cleavage is typical of this
|
|
Blastoderm and is typical of reptiles and birds
|
In macrolecithal eggs, the result of the cleavage stage of development is two layers of cells (an upper epiblast and lower hypoblast) with a cavity in between that sits on top of the yolk. This very early embryo is termed ________?
|
|
Gastrulation
|
The embryological process resulting in the formation of three embryonic germ layers
|
|
Involution
|
Vertebrates with mesolecithal (e.g. amphibians) typically undergo gastrulation by this
|
|
Primitive Streak
|
The region along the mid-dorsal longitudinal axis of the blastomere of reptiles and birds and the blastocysts or mammals where epiblast cells move inward during gastrulation by introgression is referred to as this
|
|
Dorsal Hollow Nerve Tube
|
During neurolation this typically develops as an infolding along the mid dorsal ectoderm of the embryo just above the developing notochord
|
|
Neural Crests Cells and Neurogenic Placodes
|
Two embryological features unique to craniates/vertebrates and which gives rise to many other features are
|
|
Lens
|
The optic placode is an ectodermal placode, but it is not a neurogenic placode because it does not give rise to the neuronal component of the eye. What does it give rise to instead?
|
|
Visceral Peritoneum Mesenteries, and Muscles of Gut Wall
|
The splanchnic layer of the lateral plate mesoderm gives tuse to?
|
|
Placode
|
A platelike structure, especially a thickened plate of ectoderm in the early embryo, from which a sense organ develops, e.g., otic p. (ear), lens p. (eye), and nasal p. (nose)
|
|
They all develop within the branchiomeres (pharyngeal arches)
|
What does the splanchnocranium (visceral skeleton), branchiomeric muscles, aortic arches, and cranial nerves 5,7,9, and 10 have in common?
|
|
- Allantois
- Amnion - Chorion |
Which extraembryonic membranes are found in amniotes, but are not found in non-amniotes (anamniotes)?
|
|
Pericardial Cavity and Pleuroperitoneal Cavity
|
In fishes, amphibians, and lepidosaurs the coelom is divided into?
|
|
Peritoneal Cavity
|
The subdivision of the coelom in mammals, birds, and some reptiles that contains most of the digestive organs but not the lungs.
|
|
Parietal Peritoneum
|
The epithelial layer lining a pleuroperitoneal of an amphibian or peritoneal cavity of a mammal
|
|
Connective
|
The primary tissue type that is characterized by having cells widely scattered in an extracellular matrix
|
|
Smooth Muscle
|
The type of muscle tissue found in the walls of internal organs (excluding the heart)
|
|
Skeletal
|
The type of muscle tissue with cells that are characterized as elongated, unbranched, multinucleated, and distinctly striated
|
|
Stratum Corneum
|
The outer most layer of epidermis in tetrapods
|
|
Keratin
|
Stratum Corneum is composed of dead cells filled with?
|
|
Collagen and Elastin
|
The protein fibers that typically make up the connective tissue of the dermis
|
|
Epidermal Structures
|
In terms of their developmental and origin, glands are
|
|
Osteoderms
|
Small bony plates in the skin of tetrapods
|
|
Stratum Germinativum (stratum basale)
|
The inner most layer of the epidermis which produces new cells to replace those worn off the outer layer
|
|
Melanophores
|
The chromatophore cells that produce the pigment responsible for various shades of brown
|
|
Changes in the shape of melanophores and the dispersion of melanin which either covers or uncovers other pigment cells
|
Some ectothermic vertebrates are capable of undergoing rapid, physiological based color changes. These color changes are under nervous and hormonal control and occur by?
|
|
Bony Dermal Scales found in fishes
|
Ganoid, placoid, cosmoid, ctenoid, and cycloid are all types of this
|
|
Amphibian Skin
|
Lots of multicellular mucous glands are typical of?
|
|
- The stratum corneum is very thick and forms epidermal scales.
- There is generally no dermal bone, except in turtles which have lost of dermal bone in the shell and crocodiles which have some small dermal bones. - Multicellular glands, with the exception of anal scent glands in snakes, are generally lacking." |
What is correct concerning the skin of non-avian reptiles?
|
|
Uropygial Gland
|
A multicellular gland found in birds that produces fatty and waxy secretions
|
|
Hydroxyapatite
|
The substance responsible for making bone hard and is a calcium phosphate containing substance
|
|
- Function in body support and locomotion
- Homeostasis of calcium levels in the blood" |
Name the roles of the skeletal system of vertebrates
|
|
- Hyaline Cartilage
- Fibrocartilage - Elastic Cartilage" |
Three major types of cartilage
|
|
Fibrocartilage
|
The type of cartilage that occurs in the intervertebral disk
|
|
Compact Bone
|
The type of bone that often has distinct, densely packed concentric layers arranged around tiny canals (harversian canals)
|
|
Spongy Bone
|
The type of bone typically located within a bone's central region
|
|
Periosteum
|
The layer of fibrous connective tissues that covers the surface of bones
|
|
Cartilage Replacement Bone
|
Endonchondral bone is also called this
|
|
Membrane Bone
|
Dermal bone is a type of ________ bone that forms directly within connective tissue (mesenchyme) without a cartilaginous percursor
|
|
Lacunae
|
Osteocytes are located in cavities called?
|
|
Ligaments
|
Connect bones to bones
|
|
Synovial Joint/ Diarthrosis
|
The joint between the two dentary bones making up the lower jaw (mandible) is an example of a __________. Which is a type of _________.
|
|
Homology
|
The similarity between species for a particular organ or structure, under a variet of functions and is due to inheritance from a common ancestor. (An example is the arm of a human and the flipper of a dolphin.)
|
|
Homoplasy
|
The similarity in characters found between different species due to convergent evolution, not common descent. (An example is the fins or a shark and a dolphin.)
|