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60 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
Deviance |
- violation of established contextual, cultural, or social norms - not necessarily bad - functionalist perspective: fosters social change - depends on time, location, audience, and the person who commits the crime |
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Social Control |
- regulation and eforcement of norms - goal is to maintian social order |
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Sanctions |
- the means of enforcing rules - can be positive as well as negative |
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Postitive Sanctions |
- rewards given for conforming to norms - ex: promotion at work is a sanction for working hard |
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Negative sanction |
- punishment for violating norms - ex: being arrested for shoplifting |
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Informal Sanctions |
- emerge in face to face social interactions - ex: disapproving looks or even verbal reprimands or a pat in the back for approval |
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Formal Sanctions |
- officially recognize and enforce norm violations - ex: might be expelled, arrested, official commendation, parking fine, promotion at work |
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Stain Theory |
- which notes that access to socially acceptable goals plays a part in determining whether a person conforms or deviates
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Disorganization Theory |
- asserts that crime is most likely to occur in communities with weak social ties and the absence of social control |
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Cultural Deviance Theory |
- suggests that conformity to the prevailing cultural norms of lower-class society causes crime |
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Conflict theory |
- looks to social and economic factors as the cause of crime and deviance - not positive function of society - see as evidence of inequality in the system |
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Power Elite |
- a small group of wealthy and influential people at the top of society who hold the power and resources - people who decide what is criminal and what is not, and the effects are often felt most by those who have little power - the punishment for possessing crack, a “poor person’s drug,” was 100 times stricter than the punishment for cocaine use, a drug favored by the wealthy |
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Symbolic interactionism |
- theoretical approach that can be used to explain how societies and/or social groups come to view behaviors as deviant or conventional |
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Labeling Theory |
- examines the ascribing of a deviant behavior to another person by members of society - what is considered deviant is determined by the reactions of others to these behaviors |
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Primary Deviance |
- violation of norms that does not result in any long-term effects |
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Secondary Deviance |
- occurs when a person’s self-concept and behavior begin to change after his or her actions are labeled as deviant by members of society |
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Master Status |
- describes the chief characteristic of an individual - what you are known for |
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Different Association Theory |
- suggested that individuals learn deviant behavior from those close to them who provide models of and opportunities for deviance |
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Control Theory |
- states that social control is directly affected by the strength of social bonds and that deviance results from a feeling of disconnection from society - those who feel they are part of society will not commit deviant acts |
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Social Stratification |
- society’s categorization of its people into rankings of socioeconomic tiers based on factors like wealth, income, race, education, and power - ex: elderly can be placed on high stratification and people of widsom as well |
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Closed System |
- accommodate little change in social position |
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Open system |
- which are based on achievement, allow movement and interaction between layers and classes |
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Caste System |
- one in which people are born into their social standing and will remain in it their whole lives |
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Class System |
- based on both social factors and individual achievement |
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Class |
- a set of people who share similar status with regard to factors like wealth, income, education, and occupation |
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Exogamous Marriages |
- unions of spouses from different social categories |
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Meritocracy |
- an ideal system based on the belief that social stratification is the result of personal effort—or merit—that determines social standing |
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Status Consistency |
- term used to describe the consistency, or lack thereof, of an individual’s rank across these factors |
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Standard of living |
- the level of wealth available to a certain socioeconomic class in order to acquire the material necessities and comforts to maintain its lifestyle |
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Social Mobility |
- refers to the ability to change positions within a social stratification system |
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Upward Mobility |
- to an increase—or upward shift—in social class |
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Downward Mobility |
- indicates a lowering of one’s social class |
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Intergenerational Mobility |
- different generations of a family to belong to varying social classes |
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intragenerational mobility |
- changes in a person's social mobility over the course of his or her lifetime |
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Structural Mobility |
- societal changes enable a whole group of people to move up or down the social class ladder |
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Class Traits |
- class markers, are the typical behaviors, customs, and norms that define each class |
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Global Startification |
- compares the wealth, economic stability, status, and power of countries across the world |
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Davis- Moore Thesis |
- argued that the greater the functional importance of a social role, the greater must be the reward |
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Conspicuous Consumption |
- which is the purchase and use of certain products to make a social statement about status |
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Ethnicity |
- describes shared culture—the practices, values, and beliefs of a group |
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Race |
- based on geographic regions, skin color ,and ethnicities |
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Minority Groups |
- any group of people who, because of their physical or cultural characteristics, are singled out from the others in the society in which they live for differential and unequal treatment, and who therefore regard themselves as objects of collective discrimination - lack of power |
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Dominant Group |
- the majority |
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Scapegoat Theory |
- suggests that the dominant group will displace its unfocused aggression onto a subordinate group |
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Stereotypes |
- over simplified generalizations about groups of people |
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Prejudice |
- refers to the beliefs, thoughts, feelings, and attitudes someone holds about a group |
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Racism |
- stronger type of prejudice used to justify the belief that one racial category is somehow superior or inferior to others |
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Institutional Racism |
- refers to the way in which racism is embedded in the fabric of society ex: racial profiling |
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Colorism |
- kind of prejudice, in which someone believes one type of skin tone is superior or inferior to another within a racial group |
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Discrimination |
- actions against a group of people - based on age, religion, health, and other indicators |
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White Privilege |
- which is the benefits people receive simply by being part of the dominant group |
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Culture Prejudice |
- theory that prejudice is embedded in our culture |
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Sex |
- physical or physiological differences between males and females, including both primary sex characteristics (the reproductive system) and secondary characteristics such as height and muscularity - biologically determined |
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Gender |
- refers to behaviors, personal traits, and social positions that society attributes to being female or male - socially determined |
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Sexual Orientation |
- his or her physical, mental, emotional, and sexual attraction to a particular sex |
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Heteronormative Society |
- meaning it assumes sexual orientation is biologically determined and unambiguous |
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Hereosexism |
- suggests is both an ideology and a set of institutional practices that privilege heterosexuals and heterosexuality over other sexual orientations |
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Gender Roles |
- society’s concept of how men and women are expected to look and how they should behave - based on norms, or standards, created by society |
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Sexism |
refers to prejudiced beliefs that value one sex over another |
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Biological Determinism |
- the belief that men and women behave differently due to differences in their biology |