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76 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
Viral disease general principles
|
Husbandry and nutrition
-overcrowding -ventilation -stress Sanitation -disinfectants only work after adequate cleaning |
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Viral disease
-prevention |
-Vaccines
-Closed Aviary Concept |
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Vaccines
|
-Polyoma virus (young)
-Pacheco virus -Pox virus -West Nile Virus |
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Closed Aviary concept
-describe |
-quarantine test cull
|
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Viral disease
-treatment |
-isolation
-fluid therapy -nutritional support -antibiotics -acyclovir? |
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Psittacine Hepresvirus Hepatitis
-aka |
-Pacheco’s disease
|
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Psittacine Hepresvirus Hepatitis
-species affected |
-all species
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Psittacine Hepresvirus Hepatitis
-mortality |
-high
|
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Psittacine Hepresvirus Hepatitis
-Rule outs |
-bacterial hepatitis
-parasitic hepatitis -chlamydiosis -toxic hepatitis -hepatic lipidosis -hemociderosis |
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Psittacine Hepresvirus Hepatitis
-clinical signs |
-bilivurdinuria
|
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Psittacine Hepresvirus Hepatitis
-virus shedding |
-feces
-respiratory secretions -ocular secretions |
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Psittacine Hepresvirus Hepatitis
-transmission |
-ingestion
-inhalation **subclinical infection common** |
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Psittacine Hepresvirus Hepatitis
-describe infection |
-latent infection
-unknown incidence -any survivors of infection considered carriers -shedding secondary to stressors |
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Psittacine Hepresvirus Hepatitis
-antemortem diagnosis |
Rare
-fecal viral isolation -fecal electron microscopy -serology (poor sensitivity) |
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Psittacine Beak and Feather Disease
-virus type |
-circovirus
|
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Psittacine Beak and Feather Disease
-pathogenesis |
1) targets immune system
|
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Psittacine Beak and Feather Disease
-signs |
Beak and nails:
-soft -overgrown -lose pigment |
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Psittacine Beak and Feather Disease
-when does it become evident? |
-at first molt when new feathers do not emerge or are deformed and break off
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Psittacine Beak and Feather Disease
-peracute signs |
Nestlings/Fledglings
-regurgitation -severe leukopenia -sepsis, pneumonia, enteritis -death |
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Psittacine Beak and Feather Disease
-acute signs |
Nestlings
-depression -feather dystrophy -non-regenerative anemia -leukopenia (<1000 WBCs) -Secondary Aspergillosis -hepatic necrosis |
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Feather dystrophy
-signs |
-necrosis, hemorrhage (within feather shaft)
-lack powder down -delayed molt -premature shedding -lack powder down -painful feathers |
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Psittacine Beak and Feather Disease
-chronic signs |
6 months or older
-non-specific -feather lesions -beak lesions -immunosuppression -death in 6-12 months |
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Psittacine Beak and Feather Disease
-species that commonly gets beak lesions |
-cockatoos
|
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Psittacine Beak and Feather Disease
-beak lesions occur when |
-advanced disease
|
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Psittacine Beak and Feather Disease
-beak lesion signs |
-elongation/overgrowth
-longitudinal cracks -palatine necrosis |
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Psittacine Beak and Feather Disease
-transmission |
-feces
-feather dander -crop secretions |
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Psittacine Beak and Feather Disease
-carrier characteristics |
-asymptomatic
-shed for years |
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Psittacine Beak and Feather Disease
-stability |
-stable in environment
|
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Psittacine Beak and Feather Disease
-co-infection |
-Polyoma
|
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Psittacine Beak and Feather Disease
-diagnosis |
-clinical signs
-PCR -histopath of plucked/growing feather -feather follicle biopsy |
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Psittacine Beak and Feather Disease
-prevention |
-test new birds
-quarantine -avoid housing large parrot species with small parrot species |
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Psittacine Beak and Feather Disease
-resistance |
-resistant to most standard disinfectants
|
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Avian Polyoma virus
-diseases |
Small psittacines
-Budgie fledgling disease Large psittacines -hepatitis |
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Budgie Fledgling disease
-signs |
-high nesting death rate (10-25 days)
-feather dystrophy -subcutaneous hemorrhage |
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Avian Polyoma Virus
-transmission |
Direct:
-feces, urine -crop secretions -feather dander, skin -vertical transmission (Budgies) |
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Avian Polyoma Virus
-infection type |
-latent infections
|
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Avian Polyoma Virus
-Stability |
-stable in environment
|
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Avian Polyoma Virus
-Diagnosis |
-PCR***
-Serology (only measures exposure via Ab titer) -feather follicle biopsy -necropsy |
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Avian Polyoma Virus
-prevention & Control |
-vaccinate at 5 wks (booster 2-3 wks)
-all in, all out nursery |
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Poxvirus
-host specificity |
-variable
|
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Poxvirus
-transmission |
Through break in skin
-Trauma -Mosquito |
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Poxvirus
-syndromes |
-Dry/cutaneous
-Wet/mucosal -Septicemic |
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Poxvirus
-dry/cutaneous signs |
-featherless areas of the face, body, feet
-proliferative masses -regress after 4-6 wks |
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Poxvirus
-wet/diphtheritic signs |
Early:
-blepharitis -chemosis -cojunctivitis Later: -diphtheritis lesions in oropharynx and trachea |
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Poxvirus
-Septicemic/systemic signs |
-Carnaries & finches
-acute conjunctivitis -dyspnea -mortality in 2-3 days -lung tumors in survivors |
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Poxvirus
-diagnosis |
Cytology/histology
-large eosinophilic intracytoplasmic inclusions |
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West Nile Virus
-first seen where in the USA |
-New York
|
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West Nile Virus
-transmission |
-mosquito
*insect-bird-insect cycle* |
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West Nile Virus
-clinical signs |
-asymptomatic
-non-specific -neurologic signs -sudden death |
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West Nile Virus
-diagnosis |
-PCR
-Serology -Viral isolation -Brain IHC |
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West Nile Virus
-serologic test |
-ELISA (IgM)
|
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West Nile Virus
-Treatment |
-supportive care ONLY
|
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West Nile Virus
-prevention and control |
-mosquito netting/screen
-vaccination (equine vaccine) |
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Papillomatosis
-affected birds |
New World spp.
-Macaws*** -Amazon parrots -Conures |
|
Papillomatosis
-pathogenesis |
-unknown
|
|
Papillomatosis
-virus type |
-most likely a herpes virus
|
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Papillomatosis
-signs |
Papillomas on mucosal surfaces
|
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Papillomatosis
-mucosal surfaces affected |
*cloaca*
*oropharynx* -esophagus -crop -proventriculus -conjunctiva -nasolacrimal duct |
|
Papillomatosis
-cloacal papilloma effects |
-prolapse
-tenesmus -foul-smelling stool -hematochezia |
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Papillomatosis
-oropharyngeal papilloma effects |
-wheezing
-dyspnea -persistent sinusitis -ptyalism -dysphagia |
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Papillomatosis
-diagnosis |
-cloacal papilloma check
-cloacoscopy -histopath |
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Papillomatosis
-treatment |
-lesions usually wax and wane without treatment
-sharp dissection -radiosurgery -cautery -laser surgery -cryosurgery |
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Papillomatosis
-prevention |
-isolate affected birds
|
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Very important virus to know in birds
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Avian Borna Virus****
|
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Avian Borna Virus
-aka |
-Macaw wasting disease
-Proventricular Dilatation Disease -Neuropathic Gastric Dilatation -Myenteric ganglioneuritis and encephalomyelitis -Infiltrative splanchnic neuropathy |
|
Avian Borna Virus
-clinical presentations |
-non-specific
-GI -Neurologic -Combination |
|
Avian Borna Virus
-GI signs |
-emaciation
-crop impaction -regurgitation -maldigestion -malabsorption |
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Avian Borna Virus
-neurologic signs |
-ataxia
-seizures |
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Avian Borna Virus
-diagnosis |
-clinical signs
-radiography + contrast -Fluoroscopy + contrast -Endoscopy + biopsy -Histopath -PCR (pooled fecal sample) |
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Avian Borna Virus
-Endoscopy + biopsy for what tissue? |
-inflamed proventricular serosa
|
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Avian Borna Virus
-histopath tissues |
-crop
-ventriculus |
|
Benefit of PCR
|
Detects viral presence & not just exposure
|
|
Avian Borna Virus
-radiographic sign |
-delayed emptying of contrast from the crop
|
|
Avian Borna Virus
-histopath findings |
-non-suppurative encephalomyelitis
-lymphoplasmacytic infiltration of the ganglions of visceral nerves |
|
Avian Borna Virus
-treatment |
-supportive care (feeding, fluids, vitamins)
-Anti-inflammatories (NSAIDs, Cyclosporin) Avian Borna Virus -prognosis Guarded |
|
Avian Borna Virus
-prevention |
-isolate or cull infected birds
*no vaccine* |