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42 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
three basic varieties of one-way designs
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randomized groups design
matched-subjects design repeated measure design |
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why do researchers use pretest-posttest designs
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offer three advantages
first by obtaining pretest scores on the dependent variable. 2nd researchers can see exactly how much the independent variable changed participants' behavior. More powerful, they are likely to detect the effects of the independent variable on the dependent variable. |
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why are pretest-posttest designs more likely than a posttest-only to detect the effects of the independent variable on the dependent variable?
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variability in participants' pretest scores can be removed from the analyses before examining the effects of the independent variable.
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pretest-posttest one way design's randomized group design
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initial sample
dependent variable measured (pretest) randomly assigned to one of two or more groups. independent variable manipulated dependent variable measured (posttest design) |
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posttest-only one way design's randomized groups design
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initial sample
randomly assigned to one of two or more groups independent variable manipulated dependent variable measured. |
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posttest-only one way design's matched-subjects design
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initial sample
matched into blocks on the basis of relevant attribute subjects in each block randomly assigned to one of two or more groups independent variable manipulated dependent variable measured. |
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posttest-only one way design's repeated measures design
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initial sample
receives one level of the independent variable dependent variable measured receives another level of the independent variable dependent variable measured. |
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pretest-posttest one way design's matched-subjects design
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initial sample
dependent variable measured matched into blocks on the basis of relevant attribute subjects in each block randomly assigned to one of two or more groups independent variable manipulated dependent variable measured |
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pretest-posttest one way design's repeated measures
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initial sample
dependent variable measured receives one level of the independent variable dependent variable measured receives another level of the independent variable dependent variable measured. |
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what is the Purpose of research design
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control for unwanted variation
suggests how data will be statistically analyzed |
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what does one way design refer to?
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the number of independent variables. One independent variable can have several “levels” or groups.
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how are pretest-posttest design helpful?
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all of the information needed to determine whether the independent variable has an effect on the dependent variable.
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The purpose of using factorial designs is to:
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To compare means of more than 2 IV’s
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in a two group experimental design, what receives the independent variable?
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treatment variable
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what are some examples of two group experimental design
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Drug vs no drug
Therapy vs no therapy Drug vs placebo Supplemental instruction vs no supplemental instruction |
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why aren't post-test design useful?
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no pretest or control group
almost all threats to internal validity apply is useful only when specific background information exists on the dependent variable |
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advantages of pretest-posttest design
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Can determine that the experimental conditions did not differ on the dependent variable at the beginning of the experiment
Can see how much the independent variable changed behavior from pretest to posttest More powerful than posttest-only designs in detecting effects of the independent variable |
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what are more advantages of a pretest-posttest design
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determine if ceiling effect has occurred
allows use of analysis of covariance to statistically control for pretest differences allows researcher to assess the change in dependent variable from pretest to posttest |
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what are independent variables refer to?
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factors
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3 types of factorial designs
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Between Subjects
Within Subjects Mixed Subjects |
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what special terms researchers use to describe the size and structure of factorial designs?
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Factorial Nomenclature
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how many independent variables in a 2x2 factorial
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two with two levels
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how many independent variables in a 3x3 factorial
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two with three levels
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how many independent variables in a 2 x 2 x 4 factorial
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three IV, two with two levels, and one with four levels.
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advantages of between subjects design
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Attrition
Little Fatigue Multiple Dependent Variables |
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disadvantages of between subjects design
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large number of participants
unequal group size more statistical variance |
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advantages of matched subject designs
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All of the advantages of a within design without the disadvantages
Participants are not required to complete all levels of the independent variable |
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disadvantages of matched subject designs
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Time consuming
can be difficult |
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advantages of within subjects designs
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Fewer Participants
Only need one group of participants for the study Equal Group Sizes Same participants for all levels of the independent variable More likely to have groups that have the same sample size Less Statistical Variance |
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Disadvantages of within subjects designs
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fatigue
attrition carryover, order, practice effects |
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how to minimize disadvantages of repeated measure designs
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counterbalancing
used to minimize carryover or order effects |
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example of interaction
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For example, if the effect of variable A is different under one level of variable B than it is under another level of variable B, an interaction is present.
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what does three-way designs examine
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the main effects of three independent variables
three two-way interactions – the A X B interaction (ignoring C), the A X C interaction (ignoring B), the B X C interaction (ignoring A). The three-way interaction of A X B X C |
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what are the advantages of using factorial designs
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more than one independent variable allows for more precise hypotheses
control of extraneous variables by including as an independent variable ability to determine the interactive effect of two or more independent variables |
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In a factorial design, a main effect is the effect of the _____ variable by itself.
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independent
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Which statement is true of a factorial design?
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All levels of each independent variable are combined with all levels of the other independent variable.
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Disadvantages of factorial designs
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using more than two independent variables may be logistically cumbersome
higher-order interactions are difficult to interpret |
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what are uses of Expericorr Designs
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Determine whether effects of the independent variable generalize only to participants with particular characteristics
Examine how personal characteristics relate to behavior under different experimental conditions Reduce error variance by accounting for individual differences among participants |
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If the manipulated independent variable affects the dependent variable, we can conclude that the _______ caused this effect.
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independent variable
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If a participant variable is involved in an interaction, we say that it _______ participants’ reactions to the independent variable.
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moderates
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what is often a non-manipulated IV
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subject variable (gender, SES)
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Subject variables give rise to non-equivalent groups and as such are considered
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quasi-experimental designs
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