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24 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
Anchoring
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the tendency to be unduly persuaded by features encountered early in patient evaluation
Leads to “premature closure” Most common cause of diagnostic error |
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Confirmation bias
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attention paid disproportionately to observations that appear to confirm a hypothesis, rather than seeking evidence that might disprove it
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Search satisficing
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Tendency to abandon search to additional abnormalities or diagnoses, having achieved “satisfaction” from finding the first
Classic error in radiographic interpretation |
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Prevalence bias
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Tendency to overestimate prevalence of a disease if we have recently seen a case, or read about one
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Representative bias
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Mistaken belief that circumstantial factors are representative of events we are anxious not to miss
Leads to disproportionate emphasis on relatively rare causes of disease/symptoms |
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Framing effect
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Tendency to come to different decisions depending on how information is presented
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Availability heuristic
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Tendency to judge likelihood by the ease with which examples spring to mind
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No-fault errors
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Unusual presentation of disease
Patient-related (uncooperative, deceptive) |
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System-related errors
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Technical failure, equipment problems
Organizational flaws |
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Cognitive errors
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Faulty knowledge
Faulty data gathering Faulty synthesis |
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Inattentional blindness
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When attention is diverted to another object or task, observers often fail to perceive an unexpected object
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Change blindness
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Observers often fail to notice large changes to objects/scenes if the objects are not the center of interest
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Battery
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intentional, nonconsensual, offensive touching of the patient by physician
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Negligence
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failure to satisfy a professional standard of care.
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Essential Elements of Informed Consent
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Patient Capacity
Information Voluntariness. |
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Express consent
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granting of authority to render treatment
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Implied consent
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consent derived from the conduct of the involved parties
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Consent implied in law
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emergency treatment for patients unable to give consent.
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Negligence in Informed Consent:
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Physician had a duty to disclose information
Physician breached that duty Patient was harmed Harm was the result of an undisclosed risk Patient would not have consented to the treatment had he known of the risks. |
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CAPACITY
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Ability to receive information
Ability to process and understand information Ability to deliberate Ability to make and articulate choices. |
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Mini-mental status examination
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Orientation
Registration Attention and Calculation Recall Language |
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What to do when Capacity is Impaired
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Identify advance directives or power of attorney documents
Identify a surrogate decision maker Honor patient-centered values Substituted judgment Best interest. |
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Exceptions to Informed Consent
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Emergencies
Patient unable to consent Patient waiver of consent Public health requirements Therapeutic privilege. |
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Emergency Exception to Informed Consent
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Immediate intervention is necessary to prevent death or serious harm
Delay to obtain consent could be harmful Presumption that most patients would consent if given the time and choice. |