Fed Gov Exam 1

The competitive process engaged in society to allocate scarce resources and determine priorities.

There are no absolute winners and losers in politics. Only relative winners and losers.

The strongest thrive. Not fair or legitimate.

A democratic process to allocate values.

Politics is who gets what when and how.

Authoritative allocation of values.

A source of power that is respected by those being governed .

The belief that the figure of authority has actual power that can result in consequences.

Central set of beliefs that show priority in certain areas and shape political views to show what government should be responsible for.

Different ideologies that form ideas and are bases on individuals priorities that come from assumptions about human nature.

The absence of government.

Government has total control.

The process in which scarce resources are distributed.

Personal freedoms

Political ideology that advocates individual rights above all else.

When authority is derived from a constitution.

In an open and free society in which people have the right to express their political views, petition their government, and organize on behalf of causes, some segments of the population are likely to pursue their own selfish interests.

The line between protecting personal freedoms and the interest of the government.

Congress cannot make a law establishing a religion.

To suppress personal freedoms for government interests.

To protect personal freedoms at all costs

Congress shall make no law establishing or abolishing religion

To determine whether or not the government was infringing upon religious freedom or if the religious practice was harmful to the gov/public.

1943), is a decision by the United States Supreme Court holding that the Free Speech Clause of the First Amendment protects students from being forced to salute the American flag or say the Pledge of Allegiance in public school.

The three-part Lemon Test asks:Does the law have a secular purpose? If not, it violates the Establishment Clause.Is the primary effect either to advance religion or to inhibit religion? If so, it violates the Establishment Clause.Does the law foster an excessive governmental entanglement with religion? If so, it violates the Establishment Clause.

1985), was a United States Supreme Court case deciding on the issue of silent school prayer. Was found unconstitutional via the lemon test.

In a suit brought by the American Civil Liberties Union of Kentucky, the United States Court of Appeals for the Sixth Circuit held that the displays—in this case, a Ten Commandments display at the McCreary County courthouse in Whitley City, Kentuckyand a Ten Commandments display at the Pulaski County courthouse—were unconstitutional.

2005), was a United States Supreme Court case involving whether a display of the Ten Commandmentson a monument given to the government at the Texas State Capitol in Austin violated the Establishment Clause of the First Amendment.

Test to decide how to limit free speech if it causes an immediate clear and present danger or lawless action.

Two prong test to limit free speech. Is it made to cause imminent lawless action. And will it likely produce such action.

Fighting words are written or spoken wordsintended to incite hatred or violence from their target. Specific definitions, freedoms, and limitations of fighting words vary by jurisdiction. It is also used in a general sense of words that when uttered tend to create (deliberately or not) a verbal or physical confrontation by their mere usage.

1949),[1] was a case in which the Supreme Court of the United States held that a "breach of peace" ordinance of the City of Chicagothat banned speech which "stirs the public to anger, invites dispute, brings about a condition of unrest, or creates a disturbance" was unconstitutional under the First and Fourteenth Amendments to the United States Constitution.

The basic guidelines for the trier of fact must be: (a) whether the average person, applying contemporary community standards would find that the work, taken as a whole, appeals to the prurient interest, (b) whether the work depicts or describes, in a patently offensive way, sexual conduct specifically defined by the applicable state law; and (c) whether the work, taken as a whole, lacks serious literary, artistic, political, or scientific value.[3]

Libel is defined as defamation by written or printed words, pictures, or in any form other than by spoken words or gestures.

The fundamental distinction between libel and slander lies solely in the form in which the defamatory matter is published. If the offending material is published in some fleeting form, as by spoken words or sounds, sign language, gestures or the like, then it is slander.

1988), is a United States Supreme Court case in which the Court held that the First and Fourteenth Amendments prohibit public figures from recovering damages for the tortof intentional infliction of emotional distress(IIED), if the emotional distress was caused by a caricature, parody, or satire of the public figure that a reasonable person would not have interpreted as factual.[1]

1989)[1], was a decision by the Supreme Court of the United States that invalidated prohibitions on desecrating the American flag enforced in 48 of the 50 states. Justice William Brennanwrote for a five-justice majority in holding that the defendant Gregory Lee Johnson's act of flag burning was protected speech under the First Amendment to the United States Constitution.

1992), is a United States Supreme Court case in which the Supreme Court unanimously struck down St. Paul, Minnesota's Bias-Motivated Crime Ordinance and reversed the conviction of a teenager, referred to in court documents only as R.A.V., for burning a cross on the lawn of an African American family for violating the First Amendment's protections for freedom of expression.

Congress shall have all power by legislation yo enforce provisions of the 14th.

5 cases that tested costituional validity of the 1875 civil rights act. Justice Bradley said the 14th dosent make blacks social equals.

Prohibited discrimination by government institutions and private citizens in the area of voter registration, public accommodations, public schools, and employment practices.

Congress has power to regulate anything that has a substantial effect on interstate commerce.

1954), was a landmark United States Supreme Court case in which the Court declared state laws establishing separate public schools for black and white students to be unconstitutional.

Congresses order to integrate schools

1971) was a landmarkUnited States Supreme Court case dealing with the busing of students to promote integration in public schools.[1] The Court held that busing was an appropriate remedy for the problem of racial imbalance in schools, even when the imbalance resulted from the selection of students based on geographic proximity to the school rather than from deliberate assignment based on race.

Individual freedoms that the government cannot take away

Concerning being discriminated against due to race sex or sexual orientation and wanting the government to protect it.

The Migration or Importation of such Persons as any of the States now existing shall think proper to admit, shall not be prohibited by the Congress prior to the Year one thousand eight hundred and eight, but a tax or duty may be imposed on such Importation, not exceeding ten dollars for each Person.

13th 14th and 15th amendments

Abolishing slavery, equal protections, and right to vote.

1896), was a landmark decision of the U.S. Supreme Court issued in 1896. It upheld the constitutionality of racial segregation laws for public facilities as long as the segregated facilities were equal in quality, a doctrine that came to be known as "separate but equal".[2]

The Equal Protection Clause is part of the Fourteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution. The clause, which took effect in 1868, provides that no state shall deny to any person within its jurisdiction "the equal protection of the laws".

Outlawed discrimination in most public places.

Slaves count as three fifths a person when counting population.

Equal protections of the law

The New Deal was a series of federal programs, public work projects, financial reforms and regulations enacted in the United States during the 1930s in response to the Great Depression

majority of judges held that limits on election spending in the Federal Election Campaign Act of 1971 §608 are unconstitutiona

Citizens United v. Federal Election Commission, 558 U.S. 310, is a landmark U.S. constitutional law, campaign finance, and corporate law case dealing with regulation of political campaign spending by organizations.

1965), is a landmark case in the United States in which the Supreme Court of the United States ruled that the Constitution, through the Bill of Rights, implies a fundamental right to privacy. This was found in the prenumbras of the bill of rights.

Roe v. Wade, 410 U.S. 113, is a landmark decision issued in 1973 by the United States Supreme Court on the issue of the constitutionality of laws that criminalized or restricted access to abortions

1992), was a landmark United States Supreme Court case in which the constitutionality of several Pennsylvania statestatutory provisions regarding abortion was challenged. The Court's plurality opinionreaffirmed the central holding of Roe v. Wade[1] stating that "matters, involving the most intimate and personal choices a person may make in a lifetime, choices central to personal dignity and autonomy, are central to the liberty protected by the Fourteenth Amendment."[2]

a regulation or directive that prohibits public discussion of a particular matter, in particular.

When citizens vote and make a direct decision from a popular majority.

A form of representative democracy that elects the president of the United States. Not a popular vote.

Where people elect leaders to make decisions on their behalf

In the citizens' initiative process, citizens draft a legislative bill or constitutional amendment (a “measure”), which they then propose by petition; if the petition receives sufficient popular support, the measure is then placed on the ballot and can be enacted into law by a direct vote of citizens.

First ten amendments of the constitution.

The power rests in the numerical majority.

A social democracy is focused on outcomes, particularly in the redistribution of wealth.

A liberal democracy focuses on procedure and is most concerned with individual freedoms.

long periods of policymaking stability, and policy continuity, disrupted by short but intense periods of instability and change.

They've become closer and closer to conception with modern medicine advancements

Policy dosent like to change alot on short bursts. Rather it changes slowly in small increments to disturb as little as possible.

To keep the status quo and retain their positions of power and wealth

Only important interests are that of the elite. Power equals money. There's a desperation of the elite and the masses.

The values and interests of the power elite and the welfare of the masses are aligned.

Created in the 50 and 60s which believed that there is more than one set of important ideas and that politics is a competition.

Citizens must be politically equal. Citizens must participate in voting. Info must be freely available. Representative must act as instructed delegates. Majority rule must always win.

Substantive democracy is a form ofdemocracy in which the outcome of elections is representative of the people. In other words, substantive democracy is a form of democracythat functions in the interest of the governed.

Focuses on process of how government makes decisions

a socialist system of government achieved by democratic means

the minimum interest rate set by the Federal Reserve for lending to other banks

The rational expectations theory is an economic concept whereby people make choices based on their rationaloutlook, available information and past experiences. The theory suggests that the current expectations in an economy are equivalent to what people think the future state of the economy will become.

The Board of Governors of the Federal Reserve System, commonly known as the Federal Reserve Board, is the main governing body of the Federal Reserve System. It is charged with overseeing the Federal Reserve Banks and with helping implement monetary policy of the United States. Governors are appointed by the President of the United States and confirmed by the Senate for staggered 14-year terms.

In economics and political science, fiscal policy is the use of government revenue collection and expenditure to influence the economy. Taxes cuts and increased government spending.

Is the lack of demand

Too much supply

When supply and demand equal eachother

the total demandfor final goods and services in an economy at a given time. It specifies the amounts of goods and services that will be purchased at all possible price levels.

the maximum possible output of an economy.

Adam Smith, the father of modern economics, explains that the best economic benefit for all can usually be accomplished when individuals act in their own self-interest.

They amount of money you have to complete a goal or set of goals. Everyone has them and this causes competition.

a government-imposed price control, or limit, on how high a price is charged for a product. Governments use price ceilings to protect consumers from conditions that could make commodities prohibitively expensive.

lowest legal price a commodity can be sold at.

The equilibrium price is the market price where the quantity of goods supplied is equal to the quantity of goods demanded.

When someone has no say on the price of a good or service

market situation in which there is only one buyer

conditional on all else being equal, as the price of a good increases (↑), quantity demanded decreases (↓); conversely, as the price of a good decreases (↓), quantity demanded increases (↑)".

economic system in which capital goods are owned by private individuals or businesses. The production of goods and services is based on supply and demand in the general market (market economy), rather than through central planning (planned economy or command economy).

What will it produce? How will it be produced? Who will buy it?

Requires alot of machinery

Require alot of human labor

abstention by governments from interfering in the workings of the free market.

aneconomic system in which the state or government makes economicdecisions rather than the interaction between consumers and businesses.

2010, the U.S. Supreme Court ruled (5–4) that the Second Amendment to the U.S. Constitution, which guarantees “the right of the people to keep and bear Arms,” applies to state and local governments as well as to the federal government.

2008), is a landmark case in which the Supreme Court of the United States held, in a 5–4 decision, that the Second Amendmentprotects an individual's right to possess a firearm unconnected with service in a militia for traditionally lawful purposes, such as self-defense within the home, and that Washington, D.C.'s handgun ban and requirement that lawfully-owned rifles and shotguns be kept "unloaded and disassembled or bound by a trigger lock" violated this guarantee.

Defenders of gun control say that it's a collective right and not an individual right.

The right to privacy is an umbrella right which means specific acts taken by individuals are protected by the umbrella of the constitution.

Next of kin can pull the plug. No one else.

1986), is a United States Supreme Court decision, overturned in 2003, that upheld, in a 5–4 ruling, the constitutionality of a Georgiasodomy law criminalizing oral and anal sex in private between consenting adults, in this case with respect to homosexual sodomy, though the law did not differentiate between homosexual sodomy and heterosexual sodomy.[1]

2003)[1] is a landmark decision by the United States Supreme Court. The Court struck down the sodomy law in Texas in a 6–3 decision and, by extension, invalidated sodomy laws in 13 other states, making same-sex sexual activity legal in every U.S. state and territory.