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31 Cards in this Set
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Allegory
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A narrative in which abstract ideas figure as circumstances of persons, usually to enforce a moral truth.
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For example, Fama in Aeneid 4.173-97
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Alliteration
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Repetition of the same sound, usually initial, in two or more words. This term normally applies to consonants and accented initial vowels
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For example, ut te postremo donarem munere mortis/et mutam nequiquam adloquerer cinerem, Catullus 101.3-4
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Anaphora
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Repetition of a word, usually at the beginning of successive clauses or phrases, for emphasis or for pathetic effect.
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For example, Nec silicum venae, nec durum in pectore ferrum, nec tibi simplicitas ordine maior adest, Ovid, Amores 1.119-10
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Aposiopesis
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An abrupt failure to complete a sentence, for rhetorical effect.
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For example, Quos ego - !, Aeneid 1.135
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Apostrophe
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Address of an absent person or an abstraction, usually for pathetic effect.
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For example, O terque quaterque beati, Aeneid 1.94
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Assonance
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The close recurrence of similar sounding words, usually used of vowel sounds (kind of like alliteration of vowels).
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For example, amissos longo socios sermone requirunt, Aeneid 1.217
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Asyndeton
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Omission of conjunctions in a closely related series.
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For example, saevus ubi Aecidae telo iacet Hector, ubi ingens/ Ssarpedon, ubi tot Simois correpta sub undis/ scuta virum... Aeneid 1. 99-100
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Chiasmus
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Arrangement of words, usually adjectives and nouns, in the pattern A B B A.
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For example, innumeris tumidum Pythona sagittis, Ovid, Met. 1.460 (adjective A ablative, adjective B accusative, noun B accusative, noun a ablative).
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Ecphrasis
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An apparent digression describing a place, connected at the end of the description to the main narrative by hic or huc.
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For example, est locus...Aeneid 1.59-70. This device is used in epic for a transition to a new scene.
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Ellipsis
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Omission of one or more words necessary to the sense.
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For example, Haec secum [dixit], Aeneid 1.37
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Enjambement
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The running over of a sentence from one verse or couplet into another so that closely related words fall in different lines.
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For example, ...daret ut catenis Fatale monstrum, Horace, Odes 1.37.20-21. Here the words Fatale monstrum, the object of daret, spill into the next stanza.
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Hendiadys
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Use of two nouns connected by a conjunction with the meaning of one modified noun.
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For example, molemque et montes, Aeneid 1.61
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Hyperbole
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Exaggeration for effect.
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For example, terram inter fluctus aperit, Aeneid 1.107
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Interlocking Order or Synchesis
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Arrangement of pairs of words so that one word of each pair is between the words of the other (A B A B). This arrangement normally emphasizes the close association of the pairs.
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For example, saevae memorem Junonis ob iram, Aeneid 1.4
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Irony
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The use, clearly intention or apparently unintentional (dramatic irony), of words with a meaning contrary to the situation.
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For example, Iunone secunda, Aeneid 4.45 (unintentional); scilicet is superis labor est, Aeneid 4.379 (intentional).
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Litotes
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An understatement for emphasis, usually an assertion of something by denying the opposite.
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For example, Salve, nec minimo puella naso, Catullus 43.1
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Metaphor
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An implied comparison, that is, the use of a word or words suggesting a likeness between what is actually being described and something else.
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For example, remigio alarum, Aeneid 1.301.
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Metonymy
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Use of one noun in place of another closely related noun, to avoid common or prosaic words. Often gods' names for what they are gods of: eating Ceres, drinking Bacchus
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For example, Cererem corruptam undis, Aeneid 1.177
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Onomatopoeia
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Use of words whose wound suggests the sense.
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For example, magno cum murmure montis, Aeneid 1.55
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Oxymoron
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The use of apparently contradictory words in the same phrase. This figure is particularly Horatian.
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For example, insanientis dum sapientiae, Odes 1.34.2
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Personification
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Treatment of inanimate objects as human.
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For example, Phaselus ille, quem videtis, hospites,/ ait fuisse navium celerrimus, Catullus 4.1.2
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Pleonasm
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Use of unnecessary words.
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For example, mortales visus...reliquit,/ et procul in tenuem ex oculis evanuit auram, Aeneid 4.277-78
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Polysyndeton
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Use of unnecessary conjunctions.
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For example, Eurusque Notusque ruunt creberque.../Africus, Aeneid 1.85-86
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Praeteritio
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Claiming to not mention or "pass over" something that one plans to say.
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For example, Obliviscor iniurias tuas, Clodia, depono memoriam doloris mei; quae abs te crudeliter in meos me absente facta sunt neglego...pro Caelio, 50
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Prolepsis
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Use of a word before it is appropriate in the context. A proleptic adjective does not apply to its noun until after the action of the verb. It is often best translated with a clause or phrase, to bring out the emphasis on the adjective.
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For example, submersasque obrue puppes, Aeneid 1.69
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Prosopopoeia
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The assumption of another's persona for rhetorical or dramatic effect.
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For example, Nihil iam in istam mulierem dico; sed, si esset aliqua dissimilis istius quae se ominibus pervolgaret, quae haberet palamdecretum semper aliquem, cuius in hortos, domum, Baias iure suo libidines omnium commerent, quae........
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Simile
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An expressed comparison, introduced by a word such as similis, qualis, or velut.
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For example, velut agmine facto, Aeneid 1.82. Epic similes tend to be long, to relate to nature, and to digress from the point(s) of comparison.
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Synecdoche
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Use of part for the whole to avoid common words or to focus attention a particular part.
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For example, rotis (for curru), Ovid, Amores, 1.2.42
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Tmesis
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Separation of the parts of a compound word, usually for metrical convenience.
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For example, circum dea fudit, Aeneid 1.412
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Transferred Epithet
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A device of emphasis in which the poet attributes some characteristic of a thing to another thing closely associated with it.
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For example, templumque vetustum desertae/Cereris, Aeneid 2.713-14
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Tricolon Crescens
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A three-part increase of emphasis or enlargement of meaning.
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For example, Q. Metelli matrimonium...clarissimi ac fortissimi viri patriaque amantissimi ...pro Caelio 34.
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