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265 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
T/F
Solomon Asch studied obedience in subjeccts who served as angry or euphoric confederates in his classic experiment |
false
|
|
T/F
the behavior of the subjects in Solomon Asch's classic experiment occurred as a result of "diffusion of responsibility" |
false
|
|
T/F
The "bystander effect" is most likely to hinder our performance of difficult tasks |
false
|
|
T/F
the "teacher" received shocks in Stanley Milgram's classic experiment |
false
|
|
T/F
the "teacher" was a confederate in Stanley Milgram's classic experiment |
false
|
|
T/F
a "diathesis" is a biological predisposition |
true
|
|
T/F
catatonia is one of the symtoms of panic disorder |
false
|
|
T/F
hallucinations are categorized as one of the "positive symptoms" of schizophrenia |
true
|
|
T/F
"anticipatory anxiety" is a common component of panic disorder |
true
|
|
T/F
electroconvulsive therapy is an effective treatment for the symptoms of schizophrenia |
false
|
|
T/F
compulsions are repetitive, uncontrollable delusional thoughts |
false
|
|
T/F
The "fight-or-flight response" occurs when the sympathetic nervous system is activated |
true
|
|
Kitty Genovese was discussed in relation to which of the following?
a. bystander effect b. foot-in-the-door effect c. deindividuation d. social loafing |
a. bystander effect
|
|
class members are asked to work cooperatively in groups on major course papers. Every member of the group is to receive exactly the same grade based on the quality of the group's paper. This situation is most likely to lead to _________ ________.
|
social loafing
|
|
Conformity resulting from a person's desire to gain approval or avoid disapproval is said to be a response to ___________ _________ ____________.
|
normative social influence
|
|
individuals who are normally law-abiding may vandalize and loot when they become part of a mob. this change in behavior is best understood in terms of _____________.
|
deindividuation
|
|
"diffusion of responsibility" was discussed as a contributor to which of the following?
a. social facilitation b. social inhibition c. deindividuation d. ingroup bias |
c. deindividuation
|
|
Norman Triplett observed that adolescents wound a fishing reel faster in the presence of someone working simultaneously on the same task. This best illustrates ________ ________.
|
social facilitation
|
|
Soloman Asch reported that individuals conformed to a group's judgment of the lengths of lines.....
|
even when the group judgment was clearly incorrect.
|
|
an elderly woman fell on a busy sidewalk and broke her leg. Although hundreds of pedestrians saw her lying on the ground, most failed to recognize that she was in need of medical assistance. Their oversight best illustrates one of the dynamics involved in the __________ __________.
|
bystander effect
|
|
the presence of others __________ a person's performance on easy, well-learned tasks and __________ a person's performance of difficult, unfamiliar tasks
|
improves.....hinders
|
|
the best explanation for the inaction of those who heard the screams of Kitty Genovese is that they failed to .....
|
assume personal responsibility for helping the victim
|
|
For the last month, Gabrielle has felt lethargic and has been unable to get out of bed in the morning. She has withdrawn from friends and family because she feels worthless and unlovable. Gabrielle is most likely suffering from _________ _________.
|
unipolar disorder
|
|
which of the following disorders is classified as a mood disorder?
a. bipolar disorder b. panic disorder c. phobic disorder d. schizophrenia |
a. bipolar disorder
|
|
schizophrenia is most likely to be characterized by .....
|
disorganized and fragmented thinking
|
|
Incapacitating efforts to avoid specific anxiety-producing situations is most indicative of certain _________.
|
phobias
|
|
A tendency to remain motionless for long periods of time is most common among those with ________ schizophrenia.
|
catatonic
|
|
A generalized anxiety disorder is characterized by .....
|
a continuous state of tension, agitation, and apprehension
|
|
poor judgment is most likely to result in careless behavior during ________ ________.
|
manic episodes
|
|
Delusions are most common among those with _________ schizophrenia.
|
paranoid
|
|
An incapacitating and highly distressing fear about being embarrassed in the presence of others is most characteristic of __________ ________.
|
social phobia
|
|
Which of the following treatments is recommended for unipolar disorder?
a. dopamine antagonists b. glutamine agonists c. cognitive therapy d. the prefrontal lobotomy |
c. cognitive therapy
|
|
Episodes of intense dread that last for several minutes and are accompanied by shortness of breath, trembling, dizziness, or hear palpitations are most characteristic of a(n) __________ __________.
|
panic disorder
|
|
one of the negative symptoms of schizophrenia is...
a. loud and meaningless talking b. inappropriate laughter c. uncontrollable outbursts of rage d. an expressionless face |
d. an expressionless face
|
|
the billionaire aviator Howard Hughes insisted that his assistants carry out elaborate handwashing rituals and wear white gloves when handling any document he would later touch. His behavior best illistrates symptoms of _________-__________ ________.
|
obsessive-compulsive disorder
|
|
a man who believes that he has the power of invisibility most likely suffers from ____________.
|
schizophrenia
|
|
the "dopamine hypothesis" was discussed in relation to which of the following disorders?
a. bipolar disorder b. generalized anxiety disorder c. schizophrenia d. unipolar disorder |
c. schizophrenia
|
|
which of the following came up as part of our discussion of the treatment for bipolar disorder?
a. acetylcholine b. glutamate c. lithium d. serotonin |
c. lithium
|
|
which of the following came up as part of our discussion of the treatment for unipolar disorder?
a. systematic desensitization b. dopamine antagonists c. anticonvulsant drugs d. electroconvulsive therapy |
d. electroconvulsive therapy
|
|
which neurotransmitter has been implicated in depression?
a. acetylcholine b. glutamate c. lithium d. serotonin |
d. serotonin
|
|
T/F
The science of psychology was first established by Wilhelm Wundt. |
true
|
|
T/F
The inferiority complex was proposed by Carl Rogers |
false
|
|
T/F
The humanistic perspective emphasizes the unconscious motivations behind out behaviors |
false
|
|
T/F
Karen Horney was a humanistic psychologists |
false
|
|
T/F
Abraham Maslow was a humanistic psychologist |
true
|
|
T/F
H.M. was a patient of Josef Breuer |
false
|
|
T/F
H.M.'s hippocampus was removed as a treatment for his epilepsy |
true
|
|
T/F
Your ability to quickly type out text messages on your cell phone is an example of impliit memory |
true
|
|
T/F
Your ability to remember the date of your birth is an example of iconic memory |
false
|
|
T/F
the id operates according to the "reality principle" |
false
|
|
T/F
According to Freud, defense mechanisms are used by the ego to defend against anxiety |
true
|
|
T/F
pushing painful or dangerous thoughts or memories out of consciousness is called repression |
true
|
|
Alfred Adler emphasized the importance of .....
|
striving for superiority
|
|
Carl Jung proposed which concept?
|
collective unconscious
|
|
the phenomenon called "bystander apathy" was proposed to explain what happened to ______ ________.
|
Kitty Genovese
|
|
which of the following individuals was NOT a neo-Freudian psychologist?
a. Carl Rogers b. Carl Jung c. Karen Horney d. Alfred Adler |
a. Carl Rogers
|
|
define "unconscious"
|
the part of the mind of which we are unaware
|
|
according to Freud, the behavior of a newborn infant is controlled by the ________.
|
id
|
|
according to Freud, the personality system that represents our sense of right and wrong and our ideal standards and morals is the ________.
|
superego
|
|
a person is hungry and has no money. The easiest way for him to obtain food is to shoplift it from a grocery store. According to Freud's theory, which part of personality tries to come up with a compromise that satisfies the man's hunger as well as his sense of right versus wrong?
|
ego
|
|
Freud proposed five stages of psychosexual development. Which was the 4th stage?
|
latency
|
|
during the latency stage of the psychosexual development, there is no _________ ___________.
|
erogenous zone
|
|
during the phallic stage of psychosexual development, the __________ __________ occurs in boys.
|
oedipus complex
|
|
according to Freud, the superego develops as a result of the process of __________.
|
identification
|
|
coping with anxiety by retreating to behavior patterns characteristic of an earlier, more infantile stage of development is called _________.
|
regression
|
|
reaction formation refers to the process by which people......
|
consciously express feelings that are the opposite of unacceptable, unconscious impulses
|
|
displacement refers to the process by which people.....
|
redirect aggressive impulses toward less threatening targets
|
|
if Freud treated an obsessively-clean and orderly patient, he would most likely have explained his behavior a resulting from fixation during which stage?
|
anal
|
|
if Freud treated a flirtaceous, seductive female patient, he would most likely have explained her behavior as resulting from a fixation during which stage?
|
phallic
|
|
which perspective focuses on the effects of the environment on behavior?
|
behavioral
|
|
which perspective is said to have experienced a "revolution" when computers became popular?
|
cognitive
|
|
a psychologist who focuses on the influence of our chromosomal makeup on behavior adheres to which perspective?
|
biological
|
|
which of the following terms is commonly applied to short-term memory?
a. episodic memory b. procedural memory c. semantic memory d. working memory |
d. working memory
|
|
the average capacity of ______-_____ _______ is 5 to 9 bits of information.
|
short-term memory
|
|
echoic memory is a type of _______ ________
|
sensory memory
|
|
perceptual memory is a type of ________ ________
|
implicit memory
|
|
remembering how to solve a jigsaw puzzle without any conscious recollection that one can do so best illistrates ________ memory
|
implicit
|
|
memories for events that we have personally experienced are called __________ memories
|
episodic
|
|
iconic memory is to echoic memory as _________ is to __________.
a. short-term memory.....long-term memory b. explicit memory.....implicit memory c. visual stimulation .....auditory stimulation d. automatic processing...effortful processing |
c. visual stimulation ....auditory stimulation
|
|
how long does short-term memory last?
|
20 seconds
|
|
the process of encoding refers to...
|
getting information into memory
|
|
________ ________ occurs when shot-term memories are not effectively consolidated into long-term memories
|
anterograde amnesia
|
|
after a blow to the head during a car accident, you can't remember events that occurred in the hours leading up to the accident. this is an example ________ _________.
|
retograde amnesia
|
|
which form of memory was not impaired by H.M.'s surgery?
a. episodic memory b. explicit memory c. sematic memory d. short-term memory |
d. short-term memory
|
|
an alzheimer's disease patient is most likely to display what during the final stages of the disease?
|
both anterograde amnesia and retrograde amnesia
|
|
T/F
Piaget proposed that object permanence develops during the sensorimotor stage |
true
|
|
T/F
Piaget proposed that thinking is most egocentric during the concrete operational stage |
false
|
|
T/F
An automatic, reflexive response to a stimulus is called an "unconditioned response" |
true
|
|
T/F
reinforcement and punishment are the two forms of classical conditioning |
false
|
|
T/F
Ivan Pavlov invented the operant chamber |
false
|
|
T/F
in operant conditioning terminology, the word "negative' refers to the removal of a stimulus |
true
|
|
T/F
the frequency of a behavior is decreased as a result of negative reinforcement |
false
|
|
T/F
the definitional approach is the most commonly-utilized approach to concept formation |
false
|
|
T/F
the algorithmic approach is the most commonly-utilized approach to concept formation |
false
|
|
T/F
the confirmaton bias leads us to underestimate the accuracy of our own beliefs and knowledge |
false
|
|
T/F
the representativeness heuristic leads us to overestimate the accuracy of our own memories |
false
|
|
In Pavlov's experiments on the salivary conditioning of dogs, the conditioned response was.....
|
salivation to the tone
|
|
if a ringing bell causes a dog to salivate because the bell has been regularly associated with food in the mouth, the unconditioned response is the.....
|
salivation to the food in the mouth
|
|
your response to a mild stimulus decreses as the stimulous is repeatedly presented. What form of learning has occurred?
|
habituation
|
|
through what process do we learn that a flash of lightning signals an impending crash of thunder?
|
classical conditioning
|
|
In _______ _______, we learn by observing the consequences of someone else's behavior.
|
vicarious learning
|
|
the process of reinforcing successively closer approximations to a desired behavior is called _________.
|
shaping
|
|
the stage of classical conditioning in which a response to a neutral stimulus is established and gradually strengthened is called __________
|
acquisition
|
|
spontaneous recovery refers to the ........
|
reappearance, after a rest pause, or an extinguished conditioned reponse
|
|
when a CS is not paired with a UCS, the subsequent fading of a CR is called _________.
|
extinction
|
|
if oyur use of Tylenol increases because Tylenol makes your headaches go away, __________ ___________ occurred.
|
negative reinforcement
|
|
gamblers who insert coins in a slot machine are reinforced on a __________-_______ schedule
|
variable-ratio
|
|
a variable-interval schedule of reinforcement is one in which a response is reinforced only after a(n)....
|
unpredictable time period has passed
|
|
a fixed-ratio schedule of reinforcement is one in which a response is reinforced only after a(n).....
|
specified number of responses has been made
|
|
on the first day of class, Professor Wallace tells her geography students that pop quizzes will be given at unpredictable times throughout the semester. Clearly, studying for Professor Wallace's surprise quizzes will be reinforfced on a _________-_______ schedule.
|
variable-interval
|
|
if children cannot grasp the concept of conservation, they are unable to.....
|
recognize that the quantity of a substance remains the same despite changes in its shape or appearance
|
|
Lisa attempts to retrieve her bottle after her father hides it under a blanket. This suggests that Lisa has developed a sense of _______ _______.
|
object permanence
|
|
concepts or frameworks for organizing and interpreting information
|
schemata
|
|
incorporating new information into existing schemata is called ________.
|
assimilation
|
|
based on his experience, a child defines animals as having four legs. When the child is told that a spider is an animal, he must adjust his definition of an animal as having four legs. this adjustment is referred to as _________.
|
accommodation
|
|
the earliest stage of cognitive development is called the ______ stage.
|
sensorimotor
|
|
the _______ stage of cognitive development immediately follows the ______ stage
|
preoperational.....sensorimotor
|
|
what is the earliest stage in which children understand the concept of conservation?
|
concrete operational
|
|
stranger anxiety develops during the _______ stage
|
sensorimotor
|
|
during which stage are children's thoughts entirely limited to their perceptions and actions?
|
sensorimotor
|
|
abstract, hypothetical reasoning is first possible during the _________ _______ stage
|
formal operational
|
|
in comparison to an algorithm, a heuristic has what benefit?
|
it saves time
|
|
what might lead an individual to overestimate the likelihood of unusual events and underestimate the likelihood of common events?
|
availability heuristic
|
|
confirmation bias was illustrated during class with what problem?
|
the Four-cards problem
|
|
consumers respond more positively to ground beef advertised as "75 percent lean" than to ground beef described as "25 percent fat." This illustrates that consumer reactions are influenced by _________
|
framing
|
|
what does the nervous system do?
|
-receives information through senses
-processes information -moves information from one place to another |
|
what does a neuron do?
|
receives and processes information
|
|
there are 10x more ______ _______ than neurons
|
flial cells
|
|
has a support structure and provides nutrients to neurons
|
glia
|
|
what does a motor neuron do?
|
forms junction with muscle fiber causing muscle to retract
|
|
what do dendrites do?
|
receives information
|
|
-not all neurons have one
-can be quite long -sends information through electrical impulses |
axons
|
|
where are axon branches located?
|
at the end of an axon
|
|
junction between two neurons
|
synapse
|
|
it sends information out of the synapse
|
presynaptic neuron
|
|
receives information into the synapse
|
postsynaptic neuron
|
|
brain and spinal chord each encased in bone
|
central nervous system
|
|
-all parts of neurons outside the spinal chord and brain
-made up of nerves |
peripheral nervous system
|
|
what do cranial nerves deal with?
|
head and face
|
|
what do spinal nerves deal with?
|
everything besides the head and face
|
|
-brings sensory info into brain and spinal chord
-moves motor info out |
somatic nervous system
|
|
controls activity of the internal organs and glands
|
autonomic nervous system
|
|
"fight or flight" system
i.e. sweating, fast heart rate, decrease in digestive activity |
sympathetic nervous system
|
|
slows heart rate and senses
|
parasympathetic nervous system
|
|
moves axons up and down tow deliver motor information down and sensory information up
|
spinal chord
|
|
severed nerve causing paralysis in the lower body
|
paraplegia
|
|
severed nerve causing paralysis in the upper body
|
quadripledia
|
|
the Hindbrain includes.....
|
-medula
-pons ("bridge") -cerebellum |
|
the midbrain includes.....
|
-superior culliculi
-inferior culliculi |
|
the forebrain includes.....
|
-hypothalamus
-thalamus -basal ganglia -limbic system -cerebral cortex |
|
medulla controls ________ ________
|
vital reflexes
|
|
most information travels through the _______
|
pons
|
|
cerebellum controls .....
|
balance, movement, timing, and speed of reflex
|
|
superior culliculi controls the ___________ ________
|
visual reflexes
|
|
inferior culliculi controls the ________ ________
|
auditory reflexes
|
|
hypothalamus controls __________ ________
|
motivated bahaviors (i.e. thirst)
|
|
sensory relay nucleus, relayed to cerebral cortex
|
thalamus
|
|
basal ganglia controls......
|
voluntary movements
|
|
limbic system controls....
|
emotions
|
|
single fold in the cerebral cortex
|
gyrus
|
|
groove between two folds in the cerebral cortex
|
sulcus
|
|
occipital lobes controls the _______ _______
|
visual cortex
|
|
parietal lobes coltrols ____ _______ / ________
|
skin senses / touch
|
|
frontal lobe controls ________ _______
|
motor cortext
|
|
Wernicks area is located in the _________ ________
|
temporal lobe
|
|
Brocas area is located in the _______ ________
|
frontal lobe
|
|
difficulty producing language
|
Brocas aphasia
|
|
difficulty understanding language
|
wenicks aphasia
|
|
large bundle of fibers that keeps the two hemispheres of the brain in communication with each other
|
corpus callosum
|
|
-surrounds all parts of neuron
-made up of two layers of fat with embedded proteins -separates the inside of the neuron from the outside including ions and fluids |
membrane
|
|
charged molecules that are the basis for electrical signaling
|
ions
|
|
ions outside the neuron
|
Na+ sodium ions
Cl- chloride ions |
|
ions inside the neuron
|
K+ potassium ion
A- proteins |
|
a difference in charge between the inside and the outside of a neuron at rest
|
resting membrane potential
|
|
the minimum stimulation required to generate an action potential
|
threshold stimulation
|
|
brings it closer to threshold making action more likely
|
exitatory postsynaptic potential (EPSP)
|
|
does opposite of the EPSP
|
inhibitory postsynaptic potential (IPSP)
|
|
causes an opening of ion channels causing a new charge
i.e. dopamine, serotonin |
neurotransmitters
|
|
increases the activity of the receiving neuron
(primary - glutamate) |
exitatory neurotransmitter
|
|
decreaseas the activity of the receiving neuron
(primary - GABA) |
inhibitory neurotransmitter
|
|
mimics or facilitates the effects of a particular neurotransmitter
|
agonist drug
|
|
blocks the effects of a particular neurotransmitter
|
antagonist drug
|
|
generally increases neural activity in the central nervous system
caffeine, nicotine, cocaine |
stimulants
|
|
generally decreases neural activity in the central nervous system
cannabis, alcohol, tranquilizer |
depressants
|
|
effects endorphins as agonists
morphine, heroin |
opiates
|
|
changes the way we perceive things
shrooms, acid, LSD |
hallucinogens
|
|
old is changed by new
|
accomodation
|
|
new information fits existing schemata
|
assimilation
|
|
no punishment / reinforcement
|
parenting style: permissive
|
|
almost to strict > no explanation for consequences
|
parenting style: authoritarian
|
|
consequences for behaviors but there is communication and explained
|
parenting style: authorative
|
|
focusing on how social, motor, perception, cognitive development changes during life
|
developmental psychology
|
|
a response is reinforced only after an unpredictable time period has passed > pop quizzes
|
variable interval
|
|
time doesn't change
|
fixed interval
|
|
which two perspectives were humanistic psychologists reacting against?
|
cognitive and behavioral
|
|
Wilhelm Wundts laboratory work involved experimental sutdies of.....
|
reactions to sensory stimulation
|
|
view that psychology should be an objective science that studies observable human activity without reference to mental processes is known as __________ _________
|
humanistic psychology
|
|
the distinctive feature of the psychodynamic perspective is its emphasis on ________ __________
|
unconscious conflicts
|
|
why individuals conform to the behaviors and opinions of others
|
social psychology
|
|
clinical psychologists specialize in ......
|
providing therapy to troubled people
|
|
psychiatrists have a _______ ________
|
medical degree
|
|
the retention of encoded information over time refers to ___________
|
storage
|
|
process of getting information out of memory is _________
|
retrieval
|
|
the organization of information into meaningful units
|
chunking
|
|
sensory memory of visual stimuli is _____ _____
|
iconic memory
|
|
the hippocampus plays a critical role in _________ _______
|
explicit memory
|
|
therapist tells patient to relax, close his eyes and state aloud what thoughts came to mind
|
free association
|
|
forgotten memories we can easily recall
|
preconscious
|
|
the remembered events and images in our dreams were a censored expression of the dreams __________ __________
|
collective unconscious
|
|
part of the personality that strives for immediate gratification
|
id
|
|
girls unconscious sexual desires for their father
|
electra complex
|
|
process of identification is most directly responsible for the development of the _________ _______
|
oedipus complex
|
|
orally fixated adults are likely to exhibit _______ ________
|
passive dependence
|
|
refusing to believe or even to perceive painful realities constitutes the defense mechanism
|
denial
|
|
Alfred Adler coined the term _____ ______
|
inferiority complex
|
|
Karen Horney disputed Freuds assumption that .........
|
women have stronger sexual instincts than men
|
|
Abraham Maslow suggested that those who fulfill their potential have satisfied their need for _________-__________
|
self-actualization
|
|
Carl Rogers referred to an attitude of total acceptance toward another person as a ________ ______
|
peak experience
|
|
communication within neurons
|
communicate information by electrical signals
|
|
communication between neurons
|
synaptic-transmission by chemical signals (neurotransmitters)
|
|
brain is not very active
1. high amplitude 2. low frequency |
synchronized neural activity
|
|
brain is active
1. low amplitude 2. high frequency |
desynchronized neural activity
|
|
EEG waves:
beta |
alert wakefulness + REM
|
|
EEG waves:
alpha |
relaxed wakefulness
|
|
EEG waves:
theta |
stages 1 and 2
|
|
EEG waves:
delta |
stages 3 and 4
|
|
REM wave
|
mix between beta and theta
|
|
sleep apnea
|
stops breathing
|
|
-damage to pons
-narcolepsy -sleep attack -cataplexy -sleep paralysis -hyphogogic hallucinations |
REM sleep behavior disorders
|
|
attack of motor paralysis while awake
|
cataplexy
|
|
awake but paralyzed
|
sleep paralysis
|
|
dream like sensations while paralyzed / stage 1
|
hyphogogic hallucinations
|
|
electrodes posted to scalp record the general activity of cerebral cortex
|
electroencephalograph (EEG)
|
|
posted around the eyes, record muscle movement
|
electrooculogram (EOG)
|
|
posted to chin
|
electromyogram (EMG)
|
|
the physiological process that happens in a day (body temp)
|
circadian rhythm
|
|
brain activity is slower but still have some idea of surroundings; easy to be awakened
|
sleep stage 1
|
|
light sleep, easy to make transition
|
sleep stage 2
|
|
low levels of activity in brain, heavy, deep sleep
|
sleep stage 3
|
|
deep, restorative sleep, breathing and heart rate slow
|
sleep stage 4
|
|
very fast brain activity
-dreams -sleep walk / talk |
REM sleep
|
|
information coming to brain / spinal chord and information going out to muscles
|
somatic nervous system
|
|
control activity of internal organs
|
autonomic nervous system
|
|
surrounds all the parts of the neuron: made up of two layers of fat embedded with proteins. It keeps certain things in or out of neuron
|
action potential
|
|
something we are not currently aware of, but it is accessible
|
preconcious mind
|
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we invent an acceptable reason for an unacceptable behavior
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rationalization
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patient of Breuer with serious hysteria. used hypnosis
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Anna O
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part of the body from which derive pleasure
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erogenous zone
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pushing painful or dangerous thoughts or memories out of consciousness
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repression
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the refusal to believe information that provokes anxiety
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denial
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we make excuses for ourselves and we believe these excuses
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rationalization
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we displace the hostility and discharge it on something besides the sourse
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displacement
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we return to a juvenile level of functioning to escape current anxiety
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regression
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we attribute our own undesirable characteristics to someone else
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projection
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we replace an anxiety provoking idea with it's opposite
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reaction formation
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Neo-freudians (3 names)
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Karen horney
Carl Jung Alfred Adler |
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shortest form (1-2 seconds) - we are not aware of it; current senses
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sensory memory
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long term memories that we can readily bring to mind and put into words
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explicit memory
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long term memories that we cannot readily bring to mind or put into words
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implicit memories
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memories from personal experiences
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episodic memories
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factual information that we can readily bring to mend and put into words
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semantic memories
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memories for skills (learning)
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procedural memories
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recognition of something
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perceptual memories
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the inability to remember events that happened before the brain damage occurred
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retrograde amnesia
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the inability to recall events occuring after the onset of brain damage
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anterograde amnesia
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