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60 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
Human Traces |
Systematic, careful observation based on written rules |
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Qualities of observing behavior |
Empathetic Direct Variably Reactive |
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Limitations of behavior coding |
Possible low internal validity Possible low external validity |
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Case study research |
AN IN DEPTH STUDY OF ONE OR A FEW ILLUSTRATIVE CASES |
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CASE STUDY CASES COULD INCLUDE: |
INDIVIDUALS GROUPS ORGANIZATIONS MOVEMENTS EVENTS GEOGRAPHIC UNITS |
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ARE MOST CASE STUDIES QUAL OR QUANT? |
MOSTLY QUALITATIVE TECHNIQUES |
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CASE STUDIES ALSO... |
-REQUIRES MULTIPLE METHODS AND/OR SOURCES OF DATA -OFTEN CONDUCTED FOR POST-FACTO (AFTER THE EVENT) STUDIES -CAN HAVE A SPECIFIC FOCUS OR APPROACH A BROAD VIEW OF LIFE |
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WHERE ARE MOST CASE STUDIES PRACTICED? |
-MEDICINE -PSYCHOLOGY -BUSINESS -INFORMATION SYSTEMS -LAW |
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STRENGTHS OF CASE STUDIES |
-CLARIFIES OUR THINKING -ALLOWS US TO LINK ABSTRACT IDEAS WITH CONCRETE SPECIFICS OF CASES -LIKELY TO PRODUCE THE BEST THEORY |
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WHICH SHOULD COME FIRST, RESEARCH OR THEORY? |
SOME ARGUE THEORY FIRST- CAN ASSIST IN SELECTION OF CASES AND HELPS RESEARCHERS SPECIFY WHAT IS BEING EXPLORED OTHERS ARGUE RESEARCH FIRST-GENERATES THEORYALLOWS ADDITIONAL QUESTIONS TO ARISE |
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LIMITATIONS OF CASE STUDIES |
-CAN’T GENERALIZE THE RESULTS TO THE WIDER POPULATION -RESEARCHER’S OWN SUBJECTIVE FEELING MAY INFLUENCE THE CASE STUDY (RESEARCHER BIAS)DIFFICULT TO REPLICATE -TIME CONSUMING |
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CASE STUDIES: INTRINSIC |
-TO BETTER UNDERSTAND A PARTICULAR CASE -THIS CASE IS DIFFERENT THAN OTHERS! |
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CASE STUDIES: INSTRUMENTAL |
-TO PROVIDE INSIGHT INTO AN ISSUE -THIS CASE IS SIMILAR TO OTHERS! |
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CASE STUDIES: COLLECTIVE |
INVOLVES NUMEROUS CASE STUDIES |
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WHAT IS APPLIED RESEARCH? |
OFFERS PRACTICAL SOLUTIONS TO CONCRETE PROBLEM OR ADDRESSES THE IMMEDIATE NEEDS OF PRACTITIONERS -AUDIENCE IS PRACTITIONERS -TEAM APPROACH THAT INCLUDES RESEARCHER AND PRACTITIONERS |
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WHAT IS BASIC RESEARCH? |
ADVANCES FUNDAMENTAL KNOWLEDGE -SCIENTIFIC COMMUNITY IS THE PRIMARY AUDIENCE -MAY LACK PRACTICAL APPLICATION IN THE SHORT TERM |
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STAKEHOLDERS WHO MAY PARTICIPATE IN APPLIED RESEARCHER: |
-POLICY MAKERS AND DECISION MAKERS -PROGRAM SPONSORS -TARGET PARTICIPANTS -PROGRAM MANAGERS/STAFF |
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APPLIED RESEARCH: LOOKING PHASE |
CREATES A PICTURE OF WHAT'S GOING ON |
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APPLIED RESEARCH: THINKING PHASE |
INTERPRETING |
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APPLIED RESEARCH: ACTION PHASE |
USE FINDINGS TO MAKE CHANGES |
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APPLIED RESEARCH: PROCESS |
1. IDENTIFY THE RESEARCH QUESTION 2. GATHER DATA 3. ANALYZE/INTERPRET DATA 4. SHARE RESULTS WITH STAKEHOLDERS |
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3 TYPES OF APPLIED RESEARCH ARE? |
EVALUATION, ACTION, AND SOCIAL IMPACT |
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WHAT IS EVALUATION RESEARCH? |
DETERMINES HOW WELL A PROGRAM OR POLICY IS WORKING |
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WHAT ARE THE 4 TOOLS OF THE EVALUATION HIERARCHY? |
-FORMATIVE EVALUATION: BUILT IN MONITORING -SUMMATIVE EVALUATION: REVIEWS THE FINAL PROGRAM OUTCOMES -NEEDS ASSESSMENT: COLLECTING DATA TO DETERMINE MAJOR SOCIAL NEEDS AND THEIR SEVERITY -COST BENEFIT ANALYSIS: ESTIMATION OF THE FUTURE COSTS AND BENEFITS OF A PROPOSAL ACTION AND ASSIGNING MONETARY VALUES |
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WHAT IS ACTION RESEARCH? |
FACILITATES SOCIAL CHANGE OR RAISES AWARENESS TO THE PUBLIC |
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WHAT IS SOCIAL IMPACT ASSESSMENT? |
DOCUMENTS THE LIKELY CONSEQUENCES FOR VARIOUS AREAS OF SOCIAL LIFE IN A MAJOR NEW CHANGE IS INTRODUCED INTO A COMMUNITY |
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ANOTHER APPLIED RESEARCH TOOL: PHOTO VOICE. WHAT IS IT? |
PHOTO VOICE GIVES SUBJECTS A CAMERA AND ASK THEM TO DOCUMENT CERTAIN ASPECTS OF THEIR LIVES: -TO EMPOWER PEOPLE TO REFLECT ON THEIR PERSONAL OR COMMUNITY CONCERNS -TO ENCOURAGE DIALOGUE -TO ACCESS THE PERCEPTION OF THOSE NOT IN CONTROL AND SHARE IT WITH THOSE WHO ARE IN CONTROL |
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BEHAVIORAL OBJECTIVES APPROACH |
FOCUSES ON THE DEGREE TO WHICH OBJECTIVES/GOALS OF A PROGRAM HAVE BEEN MET |
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FOUR LEVEL MODEL |
1. HOW WAS THE TRAINING? - REACTIONS 2. WHAT DID YOU LEARN? - LEARNING 3. WHAT ARE YOU USING IN PRACTICE? - BEHAVIOR 4. HOW DOES THE PERFORMANCE BENEFIT? - RESULTS |
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RESPONSIVE EVALUATION |
CALLS OF EVALUATORS TO BE RESPONSIVE TO THE PERSPECTIVES OF VARIOUS STAKEHOLDERS |
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GOAL-FREE EVALUATION |
FOCUSES ON ACTUAL OUTCOMES OF A PROGRAM AS OPPOSED TO INTENDED OUTCOMES |
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CONSUMER-ORIENTED APPROACHES |
EMPHASIS IS TO HELP CONSUMERS CHOOSE AMONG COMPETING PROGRAMS OR PRODUCTS |
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EXPERTISE/ACCREDITATION APPROACHES |
-EXPERT OPINION TO DETERMINE QUALITY OF PROGRAMS -PURPOSE = PROVIDE PROF. JUDGEMENT OF QUALITY |
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WHAT IS MIXED METHODS? |
-USING BOTH QUALITATIVE AND QUANTITATIVE DATA IN A SINGLE STUDY OR SERIES OF STUDIES -USE OF QUAN AND QUAL DATA PROVIDES A BETTER UNDERSTANDING OF RESEARCH PROBLEMS THAN EITHER APPROACH ALONE |
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HOW DO WE MIX THE DATA? (SINGLE STUDIES) |
-MERGE IT: QUALITATIVE RESULTS + QUANTITATIVE RESULTS = MERGED RESULTS -CONNECT IT: QUAL DATA + QUANT DATA + RESULTS OR QUANT + QUAL + RESULTS (BUILDING ON EACH OTHER) -EMBED IT: QUANT DATA PLAYS MAIN ROLE + QUAL DATA PLAYS MINOR ROLE = RESULTS (OR OTHER WAY AROUND) EX: HUGE SURVEY (QUANT) + 2 INTERVIEWS (QUAL) = RESULTS |
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HOW DO WE MIX THE DATA? (MULTIPLE STUDIES) |
STUDY 1:QUANT + REPORTED RESULTS STUDY 2: QUAL + REPORTED RESULTS STUDY 3: QUANT + REPORTED RESULTS STUDY 4: QUAL + REPORTED RESULTS |
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WHAT IS THE VALUE OF MIXED METHODS RESEARCH? |
-OFFSETS THE WEAKNESSES OF QUAN AND QUAL RESEARCH -PROVIDES MORE COMPREHENSIVE EVIDENCE -“PRACTICAL” IN THE SENSE THAT THE RESEARCHER IS FREE TO USE ALL METHODS POSSIBLE TO ADDRESS A RESEARCH PROBLEM |
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MIXED METHODS DESIGNS |
-TRIANGULATION -EMBEDDED -EXPLANATORY -EXPLORATORY |
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TRIANGUALTION |
ONE PHASE - QUAL AND QUANT ARE EQUAL PARTS OF RESEARCH |
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EMBEDDED |
ONE PHASE- ONE DATA SET PROVIDES SUPPORTIVE, SECONDARY ROLE IN A STUDY BASED PRIMARILY ON THE OTHER DATA TYPE |
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EXPLANATORY |
TWO PHASES - RESULT OF FIRST PHASE (QUANT) AND EXPLAINED BY SECOND PHASE (QUAL) |
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EXPLORATORY |
TWO PHASES - RESULTS OF FIRST PHASE (QUAL) HELP DEVELOP SECOND PHASE (QUAN) |
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Delara |
Bus- Mixed methods survey + interviews |
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Swenzney and Thorp |
School shooting- CASE STUDY |
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Johnson Bailey |
Cathy- Narrative analysis |
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Nathan |
College Freshman-FIELD METHODS |
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Petijohn and Geschke |
tanning habits- Niave assumption model survey |
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Bogle |
Hook up behaviors- QUALITATIVE |
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Gute |
Hooking up- QUANTITATIVE |
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Markmen |
Marriage counseling- APPLIED RESEARCH |
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austin |
seat belts- LAB OBSERVATION |
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OSTERLING |
AUTISM- BEHAVIOR CODING |
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MELANDER |
CYBER HARASSMENT |
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LOZANO |
WITCHES- ETHNOGRAPHY |
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BRUMBERG |
JOURNALS- HC |
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ETHICAL PRINCIPLES |
-BENEFICIENCE -AUTONOMY -JUSTICE |
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THEORY DEVELOPMENT NORM |
FUSING QUAL DATA W/ THEORY SO OUR THEORY CANT BE WRONG... RESEARCHER IS MUCH MORE INVOLVED SO THEY UNDERSTAND AND REFINE THEORY |
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HYPOTHESIS TESTING NORM |
RESEARCHER IS MORE DETACHED AND THE HYPOTHESIS AND DATA ARE SEPARATED...MEASURES OBJECTIVE FACTS |
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PEER REVIEW PROCESS NORM |
-ORGANIZED SKEPTISISM -UNIVERSALISM -COMMUNALISM |
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MIXED METHODS NORM |
QUAL + QUANT EX: INTERVIEWS + SURVERYS EX: HC + LAB OBSERVATION |