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72 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
Tunica albuginea
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Capsule that surrounds each testis, made of connective tissue
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Septa
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Extensions of the capsule that extend into the testis and divide it into lobules, made of connective tissue
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Seminiferous tubules
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1-4 found in each testis lobule, tightly coiled structures, forms sperm
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Rete testis
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Receive sperms and send to the epididymis
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Interstitial cells in the seminiferous tubules
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Produce testosterone
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Epididymis structure
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Comma-shaped, tightly coiled tube, Found on the superior part of the testis and along the posterior lateral side
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Epididymis function
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Mature and store sperm cells
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How does sperm move from the epididymis into the ductus deferens?
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Smooth muscle contractions
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Ductus deferens function
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Carries sperm from the epididymis to the ejaculatory duct
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How does the ductus deferens move sperm?
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Peristalsis
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Spermatic cord
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Ductus deferens, blood vessels, and nerves in a connective tissue sheath
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Ejaculation
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Smooth muscle in the walls of the ductus deferens create peristaltic waves to squeeze sperm forward
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Where does sperm enter the urethra from?
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Ejaculatory duct
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Prostatic urethra
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Surrounded by prostate
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Membranous urethra
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Travels from prostatic urethra to penis
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Spongy (penile) urethra
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Runs the length of the penis
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Seminal Vesicles
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Produces a thick, yellowish secretion (60 percent of semen)
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Prostate
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Secretes a milky fluid which
helps to activate sperm, Enters the urethra through several small ducts |
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Bulbourethral Glands
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Produces a thick, clear mucus, cleanses the urethra of acidic urine prior to ejaculation, serves as a lubricant during sexual intercourse, neutralizes pH of vagina
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Accessory organs
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Seminal vesicles
Prostate Bulbourethral glands |
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Advantages of accessory gland secretions
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Fructose provides energy for sperm cells, Alkalinity of semen helps neutralize the acidic environment of vagina,
Anti-bacterial properties, Elements of semen enhance sperm motility |
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Semen
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Mixture of sperm and accessory gland secretions
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Scrotum
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Divided sac of skin outside the abdomen, Maintains testes at 3°C lower than normal body temperature to protect sperm viability
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Where does spermatogenesis occur?
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Seminiferous tubules
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Spermatogonia
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Stem cells
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Type A daughter cell
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One cell produced is a stem cell during spermatogonia division
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Type B daughter cell
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Primary spermatocyte formed during spermatogonia division
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One primary spermatocyte formed during spermatogonia produces what? How?
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Four haploid spermatids through meiosis
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What is a mature spermatid called?
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A sperm cell
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Spermatogenisis
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Production of sperm cells
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Spermiogenesis
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Maturation of spermatids
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Head of a mature sperm cell
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Contains DNA, breaks down and releases enzymes to help the sperm penetrate an egg
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Midpiece of a mature sperm cell
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Wrapped by mitochondria for ATP generation
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Acrosome
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“helmet” on the nucleus of a sperm, similar to a large lysosome
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Testosterone production
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Begins at puberty by interstitial cells which are activated by LH
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Testosterone function
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Stimulates reproductive organ development, Underlies sex drive, Causes secondary sex characteristics
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Ovarian follicles
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Sac like structures composing the ovaries
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Oocyte
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Immature egg
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Follicular cells
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Surround the oocyte
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Primary follicle
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Contains an immature oocyte
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Graafian (vesicular) follicle
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Growing follicle with a maturing oocyte
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Ovulation
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When the egg is mature, the follicle ruptures; occurs about every 28 days
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Corpus luteum
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The ruptured follicle
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Uterine (Fallopian) Tubes function
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Receive the ovulated oocyte,
Provide a site for fertilization, Attach to the uterus |
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Fimbriae
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Finger-like projections at the distal end of the uterine tube,
Receive the oocyte from the ovary |
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Cilia in the uterine tubes
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Slowly move the oocyte towards the uterus (takes 3 to 4 days)
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Functions of the uterus
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Receives a fertilized egg
Retains the fertilized egg Nourishes the fertilized egg |
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Endometrium
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Inner layer of uterus, Allows for implantation of a fertilized egg,
Sloughs off if no pregnancy occurs (menses) |
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Myometrium
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Middle layer of smooth muscle
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Perimetrium
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Outermost serous layer of the uterus
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Mons Pubis
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Fatty area overlying the pubic symphysis,
Covered with pubic hair after puberty |
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Labia majora
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Hair-covered skin folds
Enclose the labia minora Also encloses the vestibule |
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Labia minora
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Delicate, hair-free folds of skin
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Vestibule
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Enclosed by labia majora,
Contains external openings of the urethra and vagina |
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Greater vestibular glands
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One is found on each side of the vagina, Secretes lubricant during intercourse
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The clitoris is similar to the penis in that it is
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Hooded by a prepuce,
Composed of sensitive erectile tissue, Becomes swollen with blood during sexual excitement |
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Oogonia
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Female stem cells found in a developing fetus
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Primary oocytes
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Formed by oogonia after mitosis, Surrounded by cells that form primary follicles in the ovary
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Meiosis in males
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Produces four functional sperm
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Meiosis in females
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Produces one functional ovum and three polar bodies
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How is the uterine cycle regulated?
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By cyclic production of estrogens and progesterone
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How are estrogen and progesterone regulated?
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FSH and LH regulate the production of estrogens and progesterone
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Menstrual phase of uterine cycle
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Days 1 to 5,
Functional layer of the endometrium is sloughed, Bleeding occurs for 3 to 5 days |
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Proliferative stage of uterine cycle
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Days 6 to 14,
Regeneration of endometrium, Estrogen levels rise, Ovulation occurs in the ovary at the end of this stage |
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Secretory stage of uterine cycle
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Days 15 to 28,
Levels of progesterone rise and increase the blood supply to the endometrium, Endometrium increases in size and readies for implantation |
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What happens if fertilization occurs during the secretory stage?
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Embryo produces a hormone that causes the corpus luteum to continue producing its hormones
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What happens if fertilization does not occur during the secretory stage?
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Corpus luteum degenerates as LH blood levels decline
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LH surge
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Causes ovulation
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Follicular cells
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Produce estrogen and progesterone
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Function of estrogen
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Cause secondary sex characteristics:
Enlargement of accessory organs of the female reproductive system, Development of breasts, Appearance of axillary and pubic hair, Increase in fat beneath the skin, particularly in hips and breasts, Widening and lightening of the pelvis, Onset of menses (menstrual cycle) |
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How is progesterone produced?
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By the corpus luteum
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Progesterone
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Does not contribute to the appearance of secondary sex characteristics
Major effects: Helps maintain pregnancy Prepare the breasts for milk production |