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61 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Validity |
really testing what is being done |
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construct validity |
is the theory the best explanation for the results? |
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internal validity |
is the independent variable responsible for the observed changes in the dependent variable? |
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external validity |
do the results apply to the broader population? |
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statistical validity |
are the statistical tests accurate? |
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ecological validity |
are the methods used for the study the most appropriate for the real world? |
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maturation |
participants may change over the course of the study (ex; age) |
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history |
changes that occur in or out of the experimental study that effect results |
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testing |
changes due to the effects of previous testing |
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instrumentation |
any change in the calibration of the measuring instrument over the course of the study |
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regression of the mean |
participants who give extremely low or high scores on one occasion tend to give less extreme scores when tested again |
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selection |
any factor that creates unequal groups at the start of the study (cohort) |
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attrition (mortality) |
drop outs; one group loses more participants than the other |
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diffusion of treatment |
changes in participants behavior due to information they obtained about other conditions |
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sequence effects |
effects on performance in one condition due to experiences with other conditions |
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rosenthal effect/self-fulfilling prophesy/pygmalion effect |
expectations affect performance |
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John Henry effect |
control group tries harder to score better after discovering information about the study ("I'm not in the experimental group so i'm going to try harder to beat them") |
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systematic replication |
changing some aspects of procedure |
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conceptual replication |
changing operational definitions; new hypothesis |
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automation |
using technology to promote less contact between the experimenter and the participant |
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target population |
participants youre interested in |
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accessible population |
portion of the target population that the researcher has access to |
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random sampling |
every participant has an equal chance of being chosen |
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stratified random sampling |
random sampling within subgroups |
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ad hoc sampling |
random sample of accessible population
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randomizing within blocks |
randomly assign in blocks of one participant per condition |
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matched random assignment |
random assignment of participants in matched sets to groups |
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counterbalancing |
the order of presentation of conditions to participants is systematically varied; combats sequence effects |
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error variance |
control with careful measurements or special designs |
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extraneous variance |
manipulations that occur outside of the researchers control (confounds) |
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experimental variance |
variance due to things manipulated IN the experiment |
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between group variance |
Index of the variability among group means.
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experimental vs. nonexperimental designs |
experimental: meets all the criteria for an experiment nonexperimental: do not include the critical controls of experimental design |
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within group variance |
variability or differences in a particular group (INDIVIDUAL DIFFERENCES) |
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manipulation check |
a specific test of whether the independent variable manipulation worked the way it was intended |
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ex-post facto design |
trying to figure out a cause after something already happened |
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single-group posttest only design |
draw sample...apply treatment...measure |
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single-group pretest-posttest design |
add pretest |
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multi-level, randomized between group subjects design |
controls all sources of confounding variables |
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statistical analysis issues |
chi squared=nominal data Mann Whitney U=ordinal data |
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F-value from ANOVA |
between groups ---------------------- within groups |
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main effects |
individual effects of the independent variables
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interactions |
Combined effect of two or more independent variables on the dependent variable that is more than the sum of the individual effects
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specific mean comparisons |
testing to see which groups are statistically different from which other groups |
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post-hoc test |
secondary analysis that evaluates effects that were not hypothesized by the researcher |
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within subjects design strengths, weaknesses? |
same participants in each group strengths: more sensitive to small groups, fewer participants needed weaknesses: sequence effects |
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counterbalancing |
varying the order of presentation |
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factorial design |
2 or more independent variables |
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between groups subject design |
2 or more groups in which each participant appears in only one group |
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cross over effects |
a finding in which two nonequivalent groups show one pattern of scores before the manipulation and the reverse pattern of scores after the manipulation.
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carry over effects |
These effects result from of a participant's involvement in one condition affecting his or her performance in all subsequent conditions
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time series |
multiple measures of the dependent variable are taken before and after manipulation |
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single subject design |
"ABA" baseline period ... treatment phase ... post treatment phase |
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ABA design |
A = baseline B = treatment A(baseline)B(treatment)A(baseline) |
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ABA reversal design
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apply then remove treatment (treatment)(baseline)(treatment) |
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multiple baseline design |
show the effect of the independent variable on several dependent variables |
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single subject, randomized, time series design |
repeated measures of the dependent variable interrupted by a randomly placed intervention |
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direct replication |
repeating a study on same target behavior |
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systematic replication |
evaluate procedures across subjects, settings and target behaviors |
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clinical replication |
combining procedures into treatment packages |
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ACOVA & MANCOVA |
analysis of covariance multivariate analysis of variance |
