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48 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
Truncus arteriosus gives rise to?
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ascending aorta and pulmonary trunk
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Bulbus cordis gives rise to?
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Smooth parts of left and right ventricles
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primitive ventricle gives rise to?
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trabeculated left and right ventricle
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primitive atria gives rise to?
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trabeculated left and right atria
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Left horn of sinus venosus (SV) gives rise to?
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coronary sinus-vein that drains heart into RA
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Right horn of SV gives rise to?
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smooth part of RA
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Right common cardinal vein and rigth anterior cardinal vein gives rise to?
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SVC
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What cells is the truncus arteriosus derived from?
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neural crest cells
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If the TA does not septate, what are the potential outcomes?
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Transposition of the great vessels (failure to spiral)
Tetralogy of Fallot (skewed AP septum development) Persistent TA (partial AP septum development) |
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What do the endocardial cushions do?
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separate atria and ventricles and contributes to the interventricular septum
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What is Eisenmenger's syndrome?
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uncorrected VSD, ASD, or PDA
L-->R shunt uncorrected causes and incr. pressure in the pulm. vasculature-->hypertrophy of pulmonary vasculature and increased resistance-->increased pressure in right heart-->shunt reverses to R-->L so that now deoxygenated blood is entering the aorta and going to the body-->late cyanosis |
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What are the defects associated with endocardial cushion defects?
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Ebstein's anomaly: weak underdeveloped RV, assoc. w/ Lithium use in Mom
Tricuspid atresia: tricuspid valve does not form correctly, underdeveloped R side of heart *need ASD or VSD for fetus to be viable |
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Describe the steps in interatrial septum development
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1. Foramen primum narrows as Septum primum grows toward the endocardial cushions
2. Septum primum has perforations that create Formaen secundum 3. Septum secundum contains a permanent opening called Foramen ovale 4. Septum primum degenerates, but remaining part forms the valve of foramen ovale |
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What is the most common hemodynamically significant ASD?
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Defect in foramen secundum-stays open
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What is the danger of a patent foramen ovale?
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microemboli that travel to the R heart can travel to the left side of the heart without passing through the lungs which would absorb the clot. If the clot enters the left side of the heart, it can go to the brain and cause infarctions there.
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Where is erythropoiesis occuring before birth?
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Yolk sac= weeks 3-10
Liver= weeks 6-birth Spleen= weeks 15-30 Bone marrow= week 22- adult |
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Fetal hemoglobin is composed of?
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2 alpha chains and 2 gamma chains
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Adult hemoglobin is composed of?
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2 alpha chains and 2 beta chains
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What maintains the ductus arteriosus to stay open?
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Prostaglandin E1 and E2
(low O2) |
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What drug can be used to close the ductus arteriosus?
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Indomethacin
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Coronary artery occlusion occurs most commonly in which artery?
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LAD
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When do the coronary arteries fill?
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diastole
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Which coronary artery does the PDA come from?
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85% of the time from the right coronary
8% of the time from the left coronary circumflex 7% is codominant circulation from both LCX and RCA |
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What are ways to calculate CO?
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CO=SV x HR
CO= rate of O2 consumption/AO2-VO2 content AO2 (mL/dL)= [Hg] x 1.34 x AO2 saturation |
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How can you calculate MAP?
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MAP=CO x TPR
MAP= 2/3 diastolic BP + 1/3 systolic BP |
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How can you calculate pulse pressure?
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PP= SBP-DBP
PP proportional to SV |
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SV=
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CO/HR= EDV-ESV
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EF=
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SV/EDV
normal >55% *Decreases in systolic heart failure |
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Change in pressure=
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Q x R
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Resistance =
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change in pressure/ Q= 8n x length/pi r^4
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Total resistance of vessels in series or parallel
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series= R1+ R2 + R3...
parallel 1/Rtotal= 1/R1 + 1/R2 + 1/R3.... |
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What conditions/states increase viscosity?
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increased hematocrit:
-polycythemia -hyeprproteinemic states (ex: multiple myeloma) -hereditary spherocytosis |
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when does viscosity decrease?
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anemia
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Tension=
LaPlace's law |
P x r/m
m=wall thickness |
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Net filtration pressure
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Pnet= (Pc+ interstitial colloid) - (Pi + capillary colloid)
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net fluid flow=
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Jv= Kf x Pnet
Kf is a filtration constant (capillary permeability) |
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what is the most common congenital cardiac anomaly?
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VSD > ASD > PDA
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Tetralogy of Fallot
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Pulmonary infundibular stenosis
RVH Overriding aorta VSD pulm. stenosis forces R-->L shunt and causes RVH (boot shaped heart) *squatting reduces blodo flow to legs-->incr. PVR-->decr. cyanotic R-->L shunt across VSD |
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D-transposition of great vessels
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Aorta leaves from RV and pulmonary trunk leaves from LV
-not compatible with life unless there is a shunt (ASD and VSD) *Diabetic moms |
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Coartation of the aorta-infantile type
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aortic stenosis proximal to insertion of ductus arteriosus (preductal)
-assoc. w/ Turner syndrome Pink upper extr., blue lower extr. |
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Coarctation of the aorta-adult type
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distal to ligamentum arteriosum (postductal)
-notching of ribs (collateral circulation) -HTN in upper extr. -weak pulses in lower extr. Commonly assoc. w/ bicuspid aortic valve |
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PDA
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fetal period: R-->L shunt
neonatal period: lung resist. decr.-->shunt becomes L-->R with RVH and/or LVH and failure -continuous machine-like murmur late cyanosis in lower extremities (differential cyanosis) |
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22q11 syndromes are assoc. w/ what heart conditions?
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Truncus arteriosus
tetralogy of fallot |
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Down Syndrome is assoc. w/ what heart defects?
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ASD, VSD
AV septal defect (endocardial cushion defect) |
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Congenital rubella presents with what heart defects
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septal defects
**PDA pulmonary artery stenosis |
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Turner syndrome heart defects
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Coarctation of the aorta (preductal)
bicuspid aortic valve |
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Marfan's syndrome heart defects
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Aortic insufficiency and dissection (late complication)
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Infant of diabetic mother-heart defects
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transposition of great vessels
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