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34 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
What are our sources on onset?
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Parents' reports, chld's speech, reaction and tests, instrument data, genetics
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What are the four main questions regarding stuttering onset?
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When does it happen, Who is affect, How does it happen and What happens
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When does stuttering usually begin?
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Range: 16 - 60 months
Mean: 33.40 months for boys: 33.60 for girls: 32.95 56% of onsets occur between 24 to 36 months of age; 84% from 18 to 42 months |
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How does stuttering usually begin/what is the manner of onset?
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41% sudden (1-3 days); 32% Intermediate (1-2 weeks) and 27% gradual (3 weeks >= 6 weeks)
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What are disfluencies near onset like?
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Stuttering-Like Disfluencies (per 100 syllables); Stuttering Children, 10.37; normal children 1.33
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What are some secondary characteristics?
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52% of children exhibit at least one:
Facial contortions Eye closing Head tilting Respiratory irregularities Others |
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What are the statistics related to stuttering severity at onset?
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Mild - Clinins 35%; Prnts 45%
Moderate - C 45%; P 27% Severe - C 20%; P 28% |
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Reported Stress at Onset
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Illness 14%
Emotional upset 40% Behavioral stress 36% Rapid lang. develop. 40% Hard finding words 43% |
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What is the nature of the onset period for stuttering?
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Sudden (1-3 days) 40%
Intermediate (1-2 wks) 33% Gradual (>2 weeks) 28% |
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How do we assess child's reactions and awareness?
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Parents reports, children's respons to clinician probing; puppet tast (child's identification wth fluent or non-fluent puppet)
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Are children aware they stutter?
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Based on the methods listed in the previous slide, some children exhibit awareness of, and reactions to, their stuttering soon after onset. However, studies with the puppet method have indicated sharp rise in awareness between ages 4 and 5.
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Children can either _________ from stuttering or stuttering can ________
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Natural Recover or Persist
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When does natural recovery occur?
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In some cases, natural recovery trends occur soon after onset.
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Rates of Persistency/Natural Recovery
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Within 2 years post onset 31% recover, with 70% chance of recovery an 21% chance of chronic stuttering.
3 years post onset; 63% recovery during that time with 16% chance of recovery and 21% chronic stuttering 4 years post onset 74% recover with 5% chance of recovery and 21% remaining chronic stutters |
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What percent of males recover? / what percent of males persist
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70% recover, 30% persist
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What percent of females recover and what percent persist
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82% recover and 18% persist
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What is the male/female ration of persistance vs. recovery?
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persistance 3.67 m/f and recovered 1.89 m/f
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What are the primary risk factors for persistancy?
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Family History
Gender Stuttering trends Duration of stuttering Age at onset Disfluency type Disfluency length |
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What are the secondary risk factors for persistency?
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Severity
Secondary characteristics. Phonology Expressive language Acoustic features |
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What are the tertiary risk factors for persistency?
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Concomitant disorders.
Awareness; Emotional reactions |
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What does a familial history of persistency predict?
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A familial history of persistency gives a child a 65% chance of following the same trend, and a 35% chance of recovery.
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What doea a familial history of recovery predict?
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A familial history of recovery gives a child a 65% chance for the same trend and only 35% chance for persistency
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What are the types of disfluencies?
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Part-word repetitions: (a-ai; f-five; ba-baby)
Single-syllable word repetitions: (but-but; and-and) Multiple-syllable word repetitions: (Because – because) Phrase repetitions: (I was - I was going; Once up - once upon) Prolonged sounds: (a>>>>ai like to go; S>>>>ometimes) Blocks & broken words: ( C (silence)--ake; The ta (silence)--able ) Tense pause: ( I like to (silence)------go home (between words) ) Interjections: ( um; uh; er; hmmm) Revisions: (I like – I want this ball (same thought)) Incomplete utterance: (The baby – let’s do…(change in thought)) |
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What are the two major disfluency classes?
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Stuttering-Like Disfluency (SLD) and Other disfluency
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What are the SLDs?
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Part-word repetition, single- syllable word repetition and disrhythmic phonation (prolongations and blocks)
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What are the other disfluency types?
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Interjection, multi-syllable word and Phrase repetition, revision and incomplete utterance
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What are the physical concomitants that can occur?
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Head jerks Head turns (side; down)
Forehead tension, Nostrils flaring/constricted, Eyes closed; squinting ; Eyes widely open Facial contortions; Lips pressured Jaw closed tightly; Teeth grinding Jaw wide open; Sideways jaw movement Tongue protrusion; Throat tightened Body swaying; Hand/ arm movements Irregular exhalation (blowing) during speech Irregular inhalations (gasping) in the midst of speaking |
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What is the prevalence of the disorder in people who stutter and in the general population?
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Phonology 16% of PWS; 6%
Language 10% of PWS; 7% Learning Dis. 7%of PWS; 7% Reading disabilites 6% of PWS; 6% of population Other disabilites: 5% of PWS; NA |
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What is adaptation in relation to PWS?
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Stuttering declines with each successive rereading of a passage
Other conditions of adaptation: increased fluency with each successive restating of a word or phrase talking or reading words that are always changing (usually some, but far less adaptation occurs) |
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By what percent is stuttering reduced due to Adaptation?
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Typical pattern is about 50% decline in stuttering frequency by the 5th reading
Greatest reduction usually on the 2nd reading Both frequency and severity decline Improvement is only temporary Not all clients show the effect |
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What are four phenomena related to stuttering patterns?
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Adaptation
Consistency – stuttering tends to occur on words previously stuttered Adjacency – if words are removed, stuttering tends to occur on words near those previously stuttered Expectancy – stuttering tends to occur on words the speaker predicts will be stuttered |
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What are Brown's 4 factors of stuttering Loci (i.e. when do adult stuttering moments tend to occur?
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On consonant-initial words rather than vowel-initial words
On long words rather than short ones On content words rather than function On sentence-initial (early) words rather than later words in the sentence |
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What are some Manner Of Talking conditions that diminish stuttering?
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Singing
In rhythm (e.g. to metronome) In a monotone Imitating a dialect Whispering Speaking Slowly |
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What are some Contexts of Talking conditions that diminish stuttering?
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To an animal
To an infant In unison With delayed auditory feedback With masking noise With response contingent stimuli |