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39 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
What are three of the earliest historical examples of stuttering existing?
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-egyptian hieroglyphics
-bible (moses) -Demosthenes |
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What are 5 historical explainations of stuttering?
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-punishment for sin
-physiological (Hippocrates: comingling of the humors, Mercurialis: brain humidity) -defects in sp. mech/structure -symptom of psychopathology -learned behavior |
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What does "epidemiology" mean? How does it apply to stuttering?
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-both incidence and prevalence in large populations
-prevalence = 1% -incidence = 5% |
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What are the 3 P's in regards to stuttering etiology?
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Predisposing Factors
Precipitating Factors Perpetuating Factors |
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What are some predisposing or constitutional factors of stuttering?
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-genetics (predisposition runs in families)
-psych, social, linguistic factors |
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What are some precipitating or devel/environ. factors of stuttering?
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-stressors (internal/external)
-rapid lang. growth -sibling competition for attn/convo. -transitions/life changes -structural abnormalities |
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What are some perpetuating factors of stuttering?
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-strength of habit
-criticism of speech by others -inappropriate lang. models -unrealistic expectations of fluency -feelings/attitudes/ anticipation of failure |
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What % of kids who stutter have a stuttering relative in their...
--extended family? --immediate family? --parent? |
ex: 68%
imm: 39% par: 27% |
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How does gender factor in to stuttering incidence and recovery?
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-male:female bigger with age (1:1 at start, 3:1 at age 6, 5:1 at age 10)
-females recover earlier and more frequency |
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How do we study PWS using behavioral genetics?
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-Family studies (Pedigree, case-control)
-familial incidence (twin, familial aggregation studies) |
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What are some issues with sampling a population to determine incidence/prev. of PWS?
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-inconsistent definition of "stuttering"
-inaccurate long term mem. account from subjects -false + with too broad a definitions, false - with too narrow -need for standardization of procedures! |
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What are the 3 factors to consider when characterizing stuttering?
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Frequency of stuttered moments
Intensity of the stutter Duration of the stutter |
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What are 5 helpful characteristics when considering whether speech is fluent?
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-presence of extra sounds (rep., prol., filler., revis)
-location and freq. of pauses -rhythmical patterning of speech -intonation and stress -overall rate |
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Describe the idea of stuttering as a physiological deficit
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-abnormal CNS functioning
-biochem imbalance -physical predisposing cause -incomplete cerebral dominance |
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Describe the idea of stuttering as a Neurotic response (repressed need)?
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-oral or anal fixation
-mental conflict, desire to both speak and be silent -Freud - no longer considered plausible |
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Describe stuttering as a communicative failure and anticipatory struggle behavior
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-diagnosogenic theory: because parents "hear" stuttering, the kids stutter
-worry about stutter, makes the stutter worse |
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What is the continuity Hypothesis of stuttering?
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-result of the person anticipating and dreading stuttering
-normal disfluencies become tense and fragmented and frustration and failure increase -anticipatory struggle -trying too hard-->stuttering |
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Describe stuttering as a learned behavior
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-prepatory set (van riper)
-conflict theory and avoidance reduction (sheehan) -operant conditioning (shames) -instrumental avoidance act theory (wischner) -2 factor learning theory (brutten & shoemaker) |
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Differentiate classical vs. instrumental learning
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cl: motivationally stimulated by a previously neutral stim.
inst: stress messes up body--disfluency |
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Describe stuttering as a result of disturbed feedback
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-auditory feedback defect
-servomechanism feedback model |
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Describe stuttering as a physiological deficit
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-timing disorder (planning)
-sensory motor model (can't use inverse internal model of sp. prod) -cerebral loc. (delay in L. hemi. growth) -neurophys. (difficulty devel. automaticity in speech) |
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Describe the idea of "sensitive temperment"
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-may have a lower threshold to react to threats
-leads to inc. tension, esp. in larynx-->stuttering! -if emo. are lateralized right, then high emo. rx. leads to high avoidance, fear, etc. |
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Describe the demands and capacities model
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-demands for speech (much to say, pressure to say it right) exceed capacities (motor speech control, lang. formulation, soc/emo maturity, cog. skill)
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What are the 4 capacities for fluent speech (starkweather etc)?
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motor speech production
lang. formulation soc/emo maturity cog. development |
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What are 3 categories of demands for fluent speech?
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-time pressures (parents too fast, on-demand speech, high excitement)
-uncertainty (move home, new sib, parents divorce) -avoidance (inadvertent neg. listener responses) |
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What are 3 theories based on developmental / environmental factors in stuttering?
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-diagnosogenic
-stutt. as comm. failure and antic. struggle -capacities and demands |
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What are some developmental precipitating factors of stuttering?
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-physical maturity
-cog. ability -soc/emo maturity -sp./lang maturity |
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What are some environmental factors of stuttering?
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-parents
-sp/lang environment (time, competition, etc) -major life evetns |
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What are the top 10 life events that can influence stuttering?
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-family relocates
-parents divorce -death -family member sick -loss of job -sibling hospitalized -birth of sibling -another person lives in home -extended travel for parents -holiday stress |
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Describe instrumental conditioning
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-escape behaviors are positively reinforced because they lead to fluency
-they are negatively reinforced because the frustration leaves when behavior is used |
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What is the most common type of dysfluency in normally developing kids?
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-WWRs
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What are some categories of NORMAL disfluencies?
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-PWRs (single and multi-syllable)
-WWRs (most common in kids) -phrase reps -fillers -revision of inc. phrases -prol -tense pauses |
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What are some signs that stuttering is developing , based on the characteristics of the disfluencies?
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-PWRs > WWRs
-PW repeat more than 2x -short vowel added in PWRs -sound held > 1sec -more than 1 prol. in 100 words -excessive muscle effort, struggles |
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What characteristics of a disfluent moment differentiate normal and abnormal disfluency?
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-frequency
-intensity -duration |
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What are the 4 subcategories of stuttering?
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1. core behaviors (rep/prol/blk)
2. 2ndary behaviors 3. feelings/attitutdes 4. underlying processes (stressors, psych/soc, conditioned emo. rx.) |
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How can you ddx normal and abnormal disfluency?
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>10% disfluent syllables
> 1 or 2 reps or filers in a row -type of disfluency (fill, rev., WWR most common until age 2 |
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Describe 2ndary behaviors, feelings/attitudes and underlying processes of the normally disfluent child
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-2ndary: none
-feelings: unaware -bio & devel. factors compete for cerebral factors, prag. affect disfluency, environ. stressors |
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Describe the ___ of Borderline Stuttering
-core behavrios? -2ndary -feelings -underlying proc. |
c: >10% disf., mostly reps and prol., >2 units in a disf.
2: few or none F: mostly unaware U: mostly like PND, predisposed to stutt., demands > capacity, psych conflict of desiring independence and security |
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Describe the ___ of Beginning Stuttering
-core behavrios? -2ndary -feelings -underlying proc. |
C: rapid/irreg. patterns, inc. tension, blocks, inc. # disf.
2: inc. muscle tension, escape behaviors F: aware, tense, frustrated U: const. & environmental factors |