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606 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
Catchment area
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Each center was to provide comprehensive mental health for all residents within a certain geographical region
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Deinstitutionalization
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The release of large numbers of mentally ill persons into the community
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demonical exorcisms
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religious ceremonies in which patients were physically punished to drive away the evil possessing spirit
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Electroconvulsive therapy (ECT)
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Passing electricity though the patient's head
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Health-illness continuum
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Behaviors relating to health exist over a broad spectrum.
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Humoral theory of disease
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An overabundance or lack of one or more humors resulted in illness
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Lobotomy
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a surgical procedure that severs the frontal lobes of the brain from the thalamus
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lunacy
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literally means a disorder caused by a lunar body
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Mental health
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is the ability to "cope with and adjust to the recurrent stresses of living in an acceptable way"
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mental illness (disorder)
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is a disturbance in one's ability to cope effectively.
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Psychoanalysis
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Branch of psychiatry founded by Sigmund Freud devoted to the study of the psychology of human behavior; also a therapy for certain emotional disorders that investigates the workings of the mind.
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Psychotherapeutic drugs
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are chemicals that affect the mind. they alter emotions, perceptions and consciousness in several ways.
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Trephining
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cutting holes in the skull to encourage the evil spirits to leave.
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list three major factors believed to influence the development of mental illness
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1. inherited characteristic
2. childhood nurturing 3. life circumstances |
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Describe the role of the church in the care of the mentally ill during the Middle Ages
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Priests cared for the sick and exorcised demons, but mentally troubled pwople wer treated with care by the Christian community during the Middle Ages
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The major contributions made by Philippe Pinel
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Liberated patients from their chains "and advocated acceptance of the mentally ill as human beings in need of medical assistance, nursing care, and social services."
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The major contributions made by Dorothea Dix
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Dorothea Dix crusaded for the humane care of the mentally ill people.
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The major contributions made by Clifford Beers
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A book written by Clifford Beers abut his experience as a mental patient set the mental hygiene movement of the early 1900s into motion
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Discuss the impact of World Wars I and II on American attitudes toward people with mental illnesses.
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The first and second world wars pointed out the need for comprehensive mental health care.
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State the major change in the care of people with mental illnesses that resulted form the discovery of psychotherapeutic drugs.
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As more patients were able to contro their behaviors with durg therapy, the demand for hospitalization decreased. Many people with mental disorders could now live and function outside the institutions.
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Describe the development of community mental health care centers during the 1960s and 1970s
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Passage of the Medicare/Medicaid Bill of 1965, combined with the Community Mental Health Centers Act, led to the release of more then 75% of institutionalized metally ill persons into the community. Unfortunately, most chronicall mentall ill people were "dumped" into their communities before realistic strategies, programs, and facilities were in place. Community mental health centers expanded throughout the 1970s, but funding was inadequate and sporadic. Demands for services overwhelmed the system and non-revenue-generating services were eliminated.
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Discuss the shift of mentally ill clients from institutional care to community-based care.
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As the population of people with mental illness shifted form the institution of the community, the demands for community mental health services expanded. To meet this demand, the federal government acted to establish a nationwide network of community mental health centers.
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Evaluate how congressional actions have affected mental health care in the United States.
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Community mental health centers were built during the 1970s, but a change in political climate left the project uncompleted and countless mentally ill people without treatment. Today, many legislative changes again challenge us to develop comprehensive, cost-efficient care for society's mentally ill members
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Community Mental Health Centers Act
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was passed by Congress in October 1963. This act was designed to support the construction of mental health centers in communities throughout the U.S.
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President's Commission on Mental Health
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was established in 1978 by President Jimmy Carter. Its task was to assess the mental health needs of the nation and recommend possible courses of action to strengthen and improve existing community mental health efforts. The commission's final report resulted in 117 specific recommendations grouped into four broad areas: coordination of services, high-risk populations, flexibility in planning services, and least restrictive care alternatives.
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Mental Health Systems Act
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addressed community mental health care and clients' right and established priorities for research and training. However, before the recommendations could be nationally implemented, the U.S. elected a new president and mental health reform changed dramatically.
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Omnibus Budget Reconciliation Act of 1981 (OBRA)
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essentially repealed the Mental Health Systems Act. This resulted in blocked grant funding whereby each state received a "block" or designated amount of federal money. The state then determined where and how the money was spent.
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National Mental Health Act
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Congress passed this act in 1946, which provided funding for programs in research, training of mental health professionals, and expansion of state mental health facilities
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National Institute of Mental Health
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was organized to provide research and training related to mental illness in 1949
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Committee for Mental Hygiene
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was formed in 1909, in addition to prevention, the group focused on removing the stigma attached to mental illness.
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Advocacy
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is providing the client with the information to make certain decisions
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Case management
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is designed to support the transition of mentally ill clients into the community.
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Community mental Health centers
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have forged strong links with community agencies, services, and government.
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Community support systems model (CSS)
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views clients holistically - as individuals with basic human needs, ambitions, and rights. the goal is to create a support system that fosters individual growth and movement toward independence through the use of coordinated social, medical, and psychiatric services.
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Consultation
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is defined as process in which the assistance of a specialist is sought to help identify ways to work effectively with client problems.
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Crisis intervention
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Describes a short-term, active therapy that focuses on solving the immediate problem and restoring the client's previous level of functioning.
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diagnosis-related groups (DRGs)
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Medicare, the funded health plan for the elderly and disabled people , adopted these groups that classifies each illness
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health maintenance organizations (HMOs)
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deliver health care to enrolled clients who pay a fixed price. Health care cost are covered as long as clients receive care within the system, and referrals to specialists are required.
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homelessness
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as the lack of a regular and adequate nighttime dwelling
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inpatient psychiatric care
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clients who receive inpatient care remain at the institution for 24 hours per day.
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Multidisciplinary mental health care teams
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exist in both inpatient and outpatient settings. The number of team members may vary, but the core of the team is usually composed of psychiatrist, a psychologist, an nurse, and a social worker. Other team members, known as adjunct therapists, join the team as needed.
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outpatient mental health care
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setting is facility that provides services to people with mental problems within their home environments. Outpatient psychiatric clients are able to remain within their communities, associating with the real world.
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preferred provider organizations (PPOs)
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were established to help curtail the rapidly growing increases in health care costs. They consist of a network of physicians, hospitals, and clinics that agree to provide care for different organizations at a discount. The client may see any health care porvider without referrals, within the network, and 80% to 100% of the cost to the client is covered.
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psychosocial rehabilitation
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Use of multidisciplinary services to help clients gain the skills needed to carry out the activities of daily living as actively and independently as possible
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recidivism
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means a relapse of symptoms, disease, and behaviors. Unable to cope in the community setting, people with chronic psychiatric problems often return to institutions or use community services on a revolving-door basis
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resource linkage
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The process of matching clients' needs with the most appropriate community services.
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third-party payments
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medal costs were covered by a "third party" - usually an insurance company or the state or federal government.
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Describe the current mental health care system in Canada
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Canada's helath care system is administrate by each province under the guidance of the Department of National Health and Welfare and includes coverage for most medical, hospital, convalescent, and mental health services.
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Describe the current mental health care system in Norway
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Norway has a national insurance system that provides access to health care for everyone and covers all services, including mental health care.
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Describe the current mental health care system in the United Kindom
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All British citizens are provided health care through the government-managed national health care system
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Describe the current mental health care system in Australia
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Australians are provided a mix of health care plans that include public health plan, and private insurance plans
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Describe the current mental health care system in the United States
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Funds for health care in the united state are provided through federal (Medicare) and state (Medicaid) programs, private insurance coverage, and direct client payments.
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Explain the community support systems model of care
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The community support systems model for mental health care is an organized network of people committed to assisting those with mental illness within the community setting
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List four setting for community mental health delivery
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1. psychiatric clinics
2. general hospitals 3. residential care programs 4. psychiatric home care |
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Identify five components of the case management method of mental health care.
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1. psychosocial rehabilitation
2. consultation 3. resource linkage (referral) 4. advocacy 5. therapy and crisis intervention |
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discuss the roles and purpose of the multidisciplinary mental health care team
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Each team member holds a degree or certificate in a specialized area of mental health. this approach allows clients to be assessed and treated form various points of view. As data are compiled, a broad , hopefully holistic picture of the client emerges and individualized therapeutic plans are developed.
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Name four high-risk populations served by community mental health centers.
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Community mental heath services serve high-risk populations, such as children, people in crisis situations, homeless individuals, clients with HIV/AIDS, clients living in rural areas, and elderly people.
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List five community-based mental health services for people with HIV/AIDS.
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Treatment facilities that offer comprehensive services focus on persons with AIDS, their families and friends, and the general public. Clinicians accept referrals from other agencies, provide mental status and suicide risk assessments, offer crisis intervention services, and provide individual or group therapies.
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Assault
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is any act that threatens a client. No physical contact need occur, just a threatening action.
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attitudes
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are ideas that help shape our points of view.
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autonomy
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refers to the right or people to act for themselves and make personal choices, including refusal of treatment.
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battery
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is when touching occurs without the client's permission.
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belief
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is a conviction that is intellectually accepted as true whether or not it is based in fact.
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beneficence
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means to actively do good
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civil law
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also known as private law. Its function is t deal with relationships between individuals.
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codes of ethics
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Statements encompassing the set of rules by which practitioners of a profession are expected to conform.
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confidentiality
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Which is sharing of information about the client only with those persons who are directly involved in care.
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contract law
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deals with agreements between individuals or institutions.
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controlled substance
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currently include narcotics, stimulants, depressants, hallucinogens, and some tranquilizers
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criminal law
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Its main function is to protect the members of society.
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defamation
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is defined as false communication that results in harm.
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duty to warn
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professionals have a duty to protect potential victims from possible harm
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elopement
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When clients run away or elope from the institution.
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ethical dilemmas
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(conflicts) exist when there is uncertainty or disagreement abut the moral principles that endorse different courses of action.
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ethics
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is a set of rules or values that govern right behavior. They reflect values, morals, and principles of right and wrong.
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false imprisonment
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detaining a competent person against his or her will
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felonies
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are punishable by death or imprisonment
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fraud
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is giving of false information with the knowledge that action will be taken based on the information.
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informed consent
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is an agreement between the client and caregivers that documents knowledge of and agreement of treatment
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invasion of privacy
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occurs when a client's space, body, or belongings are violated.
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involuntary admission
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as a process for institutionalization initiated by someone other then the client.
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laws
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are the controls by which a society governs itself.
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libel
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written defamation
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malpractice
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usually applies to professionals and is defined as a failure to exercise an accepted degree of professional skill that results in injury, loss, or damage.
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misdemeanors
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less serious crimes with punishments ranging from fines to prison terms of less than 1 year.
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morals
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reflects one's attitudes, beliefs, and values. Defines right or wrong behavior.
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negligence
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defined as the omission (or commission) of an act that a reasonable and prudent person would (or would not) do.
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nonmaleficence
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DO NO HARM
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parity
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laws that require insurance companies to include coverage for mental illness that is equal to the coverage for physical illness
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The Patient Care Partnership: Understanding Expectations, Rights and Responsibilities
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was adopted in 2003. Statements of rights now exist for the old, young, disabled, pregnant, dying, developmentally disabled, and mentally ill - the most vulnerable people in society.
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State the difference among values, rights, and ethics.
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Societies share common values, morals, and rights that serve as foundations for making decisions. Values clarification is a three-step process to identify one's significant values. Rights are defined as powers or privileges to which one has a just claim.
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List six steps for making ethical decisions
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1. Identify all elements of the situation.
2. Assume good will. 3. Gather relevant information. 4. List and order values. 5. Take action 6 Evaluate |
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Identify the legal importance of practice acts
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Legal concepts that govern health care providers are found in state practice acts; standards of practice and institutional policies, procedures, and job descriptions.
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Describe the process of involuntary psychiatric commitment
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the involuntary psychiatric commitment process consists of petitioning, examination, and a determination to either release or hospitalize.
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Name four areas of potential legal liability for mental health providers.
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Areas of potential legal liability for mental health care porviders include crimes, fraud, libel, slander, assault and battery, invasion of privacy, false imprisonment, negligence, and malpractice.
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Discuss three legal responsibilities that relate to nursing and health care providers
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Health care practitioners have a legal responsibility to practice
1. in a safe, competent manner 2. accurate and objective record keeping. 3. within one's legal limitations Nurses have the added responsibility to dispense controlled substances according to procedures. |
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Cultural competence
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is the process of continually learning about the cultures with which we work and developing cross-cultural therapeutic health care skills.
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culture
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is a total way of life. It is the learned pattern of behavior that shapes our thinking and serves as the basis for social, religious, and family structure. It is a shared system of values that provides a framework for who we are.
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disease
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is a condition in which a physical dysfunction exists.
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environmental control
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focuses on the individual's ability to perceive and control the environment.
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ethnicity
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is a social term associated with the customs, cultural habits, and socialization patterns of a particular group.
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extended family
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in many cultures aunt, uncles, grandparents, cousins, and/or godparents.
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gender roles
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are expected behavioral pattens based on gender
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illness
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includes social, emotional and intellectual dysfunction.
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norms
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are the established rules of conduct that define which behaviors are encouraged, accepted, tolerated, and forbidden within a culture.
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nuclear family
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unit consisting of parents and one or more children
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prejudice
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an extreme form of negative stereotyping
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race
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is a biological term that describes a group of people who share distinct physical characteristics, such as skin color, facial features, and hair textures.
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refugee
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is a person who, because of war or persecution, flees from his or her home or country and seeks refuge elsewhere
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religion
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relates to a defined,organized, and practiced system of worship
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role
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is an expected pattern of behaviors associated with a certain position, status, or gender
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spirituality
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refers to a belief in a power greater than any human being.
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stereotype
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is an oversimplified mental picture of a cultural group
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territoriality
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is the need to gain control over an area of space and claim it for oneself.
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Compare the concepts of culture, ethnicity, and religion
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Culture is a learned pattern of behaviors, values, beliefs, and customs shared bya group of people.
Ethnicity is a social term associated with the customs, cultural habits and socialization patterns of a particular (ethnic)group. Religion relates to a defined, organized, and practiced system of worship. |
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Explain the consequences of stereotyping mental health clients.
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Stereotyping is basing one's behavior on an oversimplified mental picture of a cultural group. Clients who sense such biases during treatment will resist receiving care.
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Identify three ways in which culture influences health and illness behavior
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1. Culture is learned, transmitted, shared, integrated, dynamic, and satisfying.
2. Culture influences people's health beliefs and practices, including clients' definitions of health and illness, attitudes about mental illness, stress and coping behaviors, and illness behaviors 3. Each area needs to be assessed |
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List the six components of cultural assessment
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1. Communication
2. environmental control 3. space and territory 4. time 5. social orientation 6. biological factors |
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Explain the importance of recognizing clients' spiritual or religious practices
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Religious beliefs and practices function to bind people together in a common belief system, help explain the unexplainable, and provide meaning and guidance for living.
Religious beliefs and practices vary widely. attitudes toward health, illness, death, burials, procreation, food, and stress all have religious components and implications for health care providers |
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Identify four topics to be included in the assessment of a client who is a refugee
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Working with refugees requires extra sensitivity because of their frequently traumatic experiences and losses. In addition to the routine cultural assessment,
1. obtain information about immigration history, 2. a history of the flight and arrival in the new country, 3. time in the new country, and 4. who and what was lost. |
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Integrate cultural factors into a holistic plan of care
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Culturally competent health care seeks to deliver the diverse therapeutic actions necessary for appropriate effective client care. When caregivers are able to consistently view each client as a unique, dynamic individual functioning with a sociocultural context, then culturally appropriate health care will become a reality.
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Affective
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pertaining to emotion, mood, or feeling
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closed system
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has rigid, impermeable boundaries that shut out information and energy. If the system remains closed, the organism eventually will die.
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cognition
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Activities of the mind characterized by knowing, learning, judging, reasoning, and memory
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cognitive
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Pertaining to the mental processes of comprehension, judgment, memory, and reasoning.
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defense mechanisms
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Unconscious, intrapsychic reaction that offers protection to the self from a stressful situation
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ego
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is the part of the mind in active awareness , the conscious mind.
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equilibrium
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states that each system attempts to maintain a balance or steady state, within itself and among other systems.
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homeostasis
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is the tendency of the body to achieve and maintain a steady internal state.
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id
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is a storage site for early childhood experiences and the instinctual drives for self-preservation, reproduction, and association with others. It seeks out immediate pleasure or avoidance of pain without regard to outcome.
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inferiority
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of being inadequate or less than others.
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libidinal energy
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as the need to seek sexual pleasure.
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life space
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The psychological field or space in which one moves.
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model
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is an example or pattern that helps explain a theory.
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neuropeptides
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neurotransmitters composed of amino acid strings.
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neurotransmitters
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The body's chemical messenger system
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open system
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having boundaries that are permeable, passable, and accessible.
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personifications
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According to Harry Stack Sullivan, distorted images of certain relationships that spill over or transfer into other relationships.
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phototherapy
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Exposure of clients to full-spectrum light for certain periods during the day for the relief of depressive symptoms that occur during the winter months
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psyche
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was borrowed from Plato and used to define the mental or spiritual part of an individual.
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psychoanalysis
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Explore the unconscious.
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psychobiology
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is the study of the biochemical foundations of thought, mood, emotion, and behavior.
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psychoneuroimmunology (PNI)
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the study of interactions among the body's central nervous system, its immune system, and aspects of the personality.
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psychotherapy
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any of a large number of related methods of treating mental-emotional disorders by psychological techniques rather than by physical means.
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soma
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relates to the body
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somatic therapies
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Physical interventions that affect behavioral changes (e.g., Electroconvulsive therapy)
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stressor
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as a nonspecific response of the body to any demand placed on it.
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superego
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is the last to develop. Attitudes, values, role expectations, taboos, rules, ideals, and standards help form the superego
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Theory
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is defined as a statement that explains or describes a relationship among events, concepts,or ideas.
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Explain how theories can be applied to mental health care
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Theories and models help to explain human development and behavior. Charles Darwin's theories led to the belief that mental illness was the result of inferior genetic makeup and a lower place on the evolutionary scale.
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Discuss three psychoanalytical therapies that resulted from Freud's work
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Sigmund Freud's study of the unconscious processes of the mind evolved into theories about the structure, development, defenses, and dynamics of the personality.
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Identify how developmental, humanistic, and behavioral theories differ in their viewpoints.
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Behavioral therapies today assist clients in learning how to change their dysfunctional thoughts and behavioral patterns. Examples include behavior modification techniques, assertiveness training, and training in the social skills
Humanistic theories view the individual as a multidimensional person who adapts to stress within a dynamic environment while striving for self - fulfillment. |
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Discuss how Maslow's human needs theory can be used in the care of clients with emotional problems.
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Maslow's hierarchy of needs categorizes physical and psychological requirements for functioning and describes the characteristics of successful, highly self - actualized people.
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Compare and contrast the main concepts of systems, cognitive, and sociocultural theories.
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Cognitive theories focus on the importance of intellectual factors in human development and function. System theories view humans as functioning within a set of interacting and related units called systems. Sociocultural theories focus on the impact of a society on its people's behaviors and view mental illness as the result of social conditions.
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Describe the concept of homeostasis
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The concept of homeostasis was developed during the 1920s by Cannon,who found that the body has tendency to achieve and maintain a steady internal state.
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Explain how Selye's theories of stress and adaptation influence the delivery of health care
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The general adaptation syndrome, described by Hans Selye, consists of the stages of alarm, resistance and exhaustion.
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Analyze how psychobiology is adding to our knowledge about mental health care.
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Psychobiology is the study of the biochemical bases of thought, mood, emotion, and behavior
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Examine how nursing theories apply to mental health care
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Nursing theories view people as biopsychosocial beings who respond to stress in uniquely individual ways.
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Describe three kinds of psychotherapy used in the treatment of mental disorders.
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1. Individual therapies -work one-on-one with a therapist
2. Group Therapies work with a group of people with the same problems. 3. Online therapies working with a therapist online to answer questions. |
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Explain the difference between psychotherapies an somatic therapies for treating mental illness.
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Current treatments for mental health problems include various individuals and group psychotherapies and somatic therapies, such as medications, biofeedback, phototherapy, and acupuncture.
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acupuncture
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is defined as the inserting of fine needles into the sink along specific sites on the body.
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allopathic
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use medical and surgical methods to treat disease and injury by finding what is "wrong" and "fixing" it.
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Alternative medicine
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refers to practices and treatment that are used instead of conventional medicine.
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aromatherapy
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which means treatment using scents, is the use of essential oils to promote health and well-being.
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Ayurveda
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is a healing system that was developed in India and literally means "the science of life." is described as "knowledge of how to live." Focus is on the innate harmony of the body, mind and spiriit.
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Biofeedback
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teaches clients to control their physical responses by providing visual or auditory information and autonomic body functions.
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Chelation
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Treatment using the chemical EDTA to bind with heavy metals and remove them from the body.
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Chiropractic
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a therapy called manipulation to help improve the relationship and help the body heal.
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Complementary medicine
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includes practics and treatments that agree or "work with" allopathic therapies. They are used along with common medical treatments.
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dietary supplements
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A "dietary ingredient: supplement to the diet
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electromagnetic fields (EMF)
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magnetic therapy uses magnets placed over painful areas to relieve pain.
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expressive therapy
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The use of creative activities to decrease stress
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Eye Movement Desensitization and Reprocessing (EMDR)
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uses controlled eye movements to help reprocess traumatic memories.
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homeopathy
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is "a therapeutic method that uses natural substances in micro-doses to relieve symptoms".
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Hypnosis
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is the induction of a relaxed, trancelike state in which the individual is receptive to appropriate suggestions.
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integrative medicine
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attempts to blend the most effective practices and treatments from both conventional and alternative treatment system.
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massage
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is the manipulation of muscles and connective tissue to relax the body and enhances well-being.
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meditation
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Techniques that share four common elements: concentration, retraining the attention of one item while excluding all other thoughts, mindfulness, and an altered state of consciousness.
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naturopathy
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A whole medical system that views disease as an alteration in the process by which the body heals itself
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Prayer
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as an active process of appealing to a higher spiritual power, specifically for health reasons.
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Qi Gong
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is a system of movement, regulation of breathing, and meditation designed to enhance the flow of qi throughout the body.
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Reiki
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is a life force energy that flows through one's body
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Spirituality
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has a broader meaning that includes an individual's sense of meaning and purpose in life.
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therapeutic touch
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is based upon the practice of laying on of the hands
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Traditional Chinese medicine (TCM)
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is based on the view that the body is a delicate balance of opposing forces: yin and yang. Yin is cold, slow, and passive, whereas yang is hot, fast, and active.
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Whole medical systems
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are build on complete systems of theory and practice. They include modern, Western medicine as well as osteopathy, homeopathy, naturopathy, and culturally based systems such as ayurveda and Oriental medicine.
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affective disorders
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Emotional states, ranging form deep depression to excited eleation
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akathisia
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The inability to sit still
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Akinesia
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Absence of physical and mental movement
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antipsychotics
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are also called major tranquilizers or neuroleptics.
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Autonomic nervous system (ANS)
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is responsible for regulating the vital functions of the body.
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Central Nervous system (CNS)
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is composed of the brain and spinal cord Together they control all the motor and sensory functions of the body
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Drug induced parkinsonism
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Term used to describe a group of symptoms that mimic Parkinson's disease
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Dyskinesia
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The inability to execute voluntary movements
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|
Dystonia
|
impaired muscle tone (rigidity in the muscles that control gait, posture, and eye movements)
|
|
extrapyramidal side effects (EPSEs)
|
are defined as abnormal movements produced by an imbalance of neurotransmitters in the brain.
|
|
Hypertensive crisis
|
a sudden, severe elevation in blood pressure
|
|
informed consent
|
is the process of presenting clients with information about the benefits, risks, and side effects of specific treatments, thus enabling them to make voluntary and knowledgeable decisions about their care.
|
|
Lithium
|
is a naturally occurring salt. It was found to be effective in the treatment of mania. Is the mainstay treatment of the manic phase of bipolar depression.
|
|
Mania
|
is a state characterized by excitement, great elation, over-talkativeness, increased motor activity, fleeting grandiose ideas,and agitated behaviors.
|
|
Monoamine Oxidase Inhibitors (MAOIs)
|
antidepressant drug that can produce serious drug and food interactions, such as cardiovascular and blood pressure reactions and central nervous system depression.
|
|
mood disorder
|
are ineffective emotional states, ranging from deep depression to excited elation
|
|
neuroleptic malignant syndrome (NMS)
|
a serious and potentially fatal side effect with unstable vital signs, fever, confusion, muscle rigidity, tremor, incontinence
|
|
neuron
|
basic unit of the nervous system is the nerve cell. Its function is to transmit electrical information to other neurons
|
|
neurotransmitter
|
Chemicals found in the nervous system that facilitate the transmission of energy and act as the body's chemical messenger system
|
|
noncompliance
|
An informed decision made by a client not to follow a prescribed treatment program.
|
|
parasympathetic nervous system
|
is designed to conserve energy and provide the balance for the sympathetic system's excitability.
|
|
peripheral nervous system (PNS)
|
is composed of the 31 spinal cord nerves plus the 12 pairs of cranial nerves. is further divided into a "motor" system and an "autonomic" system
|
|
Psychotherapeutic drugs
|
are powerful chemicals that produce profound effects on the mind, emotions, and body.
|
|
Sympathetic nervous system
|
prepares the body for immediate adaptation through fight or flight mechanism
|
|
Tardive dyskinesia
|
irreversible side effects of long term treatment that produces involuntary, repeated movements of muscles in the face, trunk, arms and legs.
|
|
Acceptance
|
means the receiving of the entire person and the world in which he or she functions.
|
|
advocacy
|
is the process of providing a client with the information, support, and feedback needed to make a decision.
|
|
behavior
|
consists of perceptions, thoughts, feelings, and actions.
|
|
caring
|
is the energy on which the health care professions are built
|
|
Commitment
|
is apersonal bond to some course of action or cause.
|
|
consistency
|
which is behaviors that imply being steady and regular, dependable.
|
|
coping mechanisms
|
are defined as any thought or action aimed at reducing stress.
|
|
crisis
|
is an upset in the homeostasis of an individual.
|
|
crisis intervention
|
is to help individuals and families manage their crisis situations by offering immediate emotional support
|
|
empathy
|
is the ability to recognize and share the emotions of another person without actually experiencing them.
|
|
failure
|
implies defeat and a lack of success.
|
|
holistic health care
|
is based on the concepts of "whole." Understanding clintis in relation to their work famil, and social environments encourages caregivers to consider their many needs and tailor individualized interventions.
|
|
insight
|
is the ability to clearly see and understand the nature of things. Insight relies on common sense, good judgement, and prudence.
|
|
introspection
|
which is the process of looking into one's own mind. Analysis of self - one's feelings, reactions, attitudes, opinions, values and behaviors.
|
|
mentally healthy adult
|
is aperson who can cope with and adjust to the recurrent stresses of daily living in an acceptable way.
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|
nurture
|
is to encourage their development.
|
|
principle
|
is a code or standard that helps govern conduct.
|
|
responsibility
|
infers that a person is able to exercise capability and accountability.
|
|
self-awareness
|
is a consciousness of one's personality. It is the act of loking at oneself; of considering one's personal and social behaviors and their impact on others.
|
|
stigma
|
is defined as a sign or mark of shame, disapproval,or disgrace,of being shinned or rejected.
|
|
affect
|
is the client's emotional display of the mood being experienced.
|
|
assessment
|
includes the gathering, verifying,and communicating of information relative to the client.
|
|
calculation
|
tests the ability to do simple math problems
|
|
data collection
|
refers to a variety of activities designed to gather information about a certain subject
|
|
insight
|
refers to the client's understanding of the situation
|
|
interview
|
is a meeting of people with the purpose of obtaining or exchanging information.
|
|
judgment
|
refers to the to evaluate choices and make appropriate decisions.
|
|
Memory
|
is the ability to recall past events, experience, and perceptions.
|
|
mood
|
is defined as an individual's overall feelings.
|
|
nursing (therapeutic) process
|
is designed to support goal-directed care for clients. The process serves as an organizational framework for effective care
|
|
perceptions
|
the way in which he or she experiences the world
|
|
risk factor assessment
|
helps "formulate a nursing diagnosis based on the identification of risk factors that potentially present an immediate threat to the patient" or others in the vicinity.
|
|
sensorium
|
is that part of the consciousness that perceives, sorts, and combines information. People with a clear sensorium are oriented to time, place, and person.
|
|
thought content
|
relates to what an individual is thinking.
|
|
thought processes
|
relate to how a person thinks - how he or she analyzes the world and connects and organizes information.
|
|
aphasia
|
inability to speak
|
|
communication
|
is the reciprocla exchange of information, ideas, beliefs, feelings, and attitudes between two persons or among a group of persons.
|
|
communication style
|
refers to the rituals connected with greeting and departure, the lines of conversations, and the directness of communication.
|
|
dyslexia
|
impaired ability to read sometimes accompanied by a mixing of letters of syllables in a word when speaking.
|
|
incongruent communications
|
in which the verbal messages do not match the nonverbal communication.
|
|
interpersonal communications
|
are interactions that occur between two or more persons - the verbal and nonverbal messages that are sent and received during every interaction
|
|
intrapersonal communications
|
takes place within oneself and are commonly referred to our self-talk or self dialogue.
|
|
nontherapeutic communications
|
messages that hinder effective communication because they are interactions that slow or halt the development of a helping relationship.
|
|
perception
|
is the use of the senses to gain information. Vision, hearing, and touch are used to sense the meaning of the communication.
|
|
responding strategies
|
Therapeutic techniques that relate to the care provider's actions while communicating.
|
|
speech cluttering
|
rapid, confused delivery of unrhythmic speech patterns.
|
|
therapeutic communications
|
are to focus on the client and foster the therapeutic relationship.
|
|
verbal communication
|
relates to anything associated with the spoken word
|
|
autonomy
|
relates to the ability to direct and control one's activities and destiny.
|
|
countertransference
|
is a barrier in the therapeutic relationship based on the caregiver's inappropriate emotional responses to the client..
|
|
dynamics
|
refers to the interactions that occur among various forces
|
|
empathy
|
is the ability to understand the emotions, viewpoints, and situations of another.
|
|
genuineness
|
Implies that the nurse is an open, honest, sincere person who is actively involved in the relationship.
|
|
hope
|
is " a multidimensional dynamic life force characterized by a confident yet uncertain expectation of achieving a future good.
|
|
limit setting
|
is an intervention designed to prevent clients form harming themselves or others
|
|
mutuality
|
relates to the process of sharing with another person
|
|
noncompliance
|
is not following the prescribed treatment regimen
|
|
rapport
|
the ability to establish a meaningful connection with clients
|
|
resistance
|
was first defined by Freud as a client's attempts to avoid recognizing or exploring anxiety-provoking material
|
|
secondary gain
|
occurs when clients profit or avoid unpleasant situation by remaining ill
|
|
therapeutic relationship
|
is a directed energy exchange between tow people, a flow that moves clients toward more constructive ways of thinking and effective ways of coping.
|
|
transference
|
is a client's emotional response, based on earlier relationships, to the caregiver.
|
|
trust
|
is defined as "a risk-taking process whereby an individual's situation depends on the future behavior of another person".
|
|
acceptance
|
in the mental health context, means that caregivers acknowledge clients as human beings worthy of respect and dignity.
|
|
chronicity
|
with problems that tend to persist for a long time.
|
|
involvement
|
is the process of actively interacting with the environment and those persons within it.
|
|
limit setting
|
allows the therapeutic environment to be consistent and predictable.
|
|
noncompliance
|
refers to not cooperating with the treatment plan
|
|
recidivism
|
repeated impatient admissions
|
|
therapeutic environment (milieu)
|
describes certain settings or environments degned to help clients replace inappropriate behaviors with more effective personal and psychosocial skills.
|
|
Abuse
|
is causing harm to or maltreating another.
|
|
anxiety
|
is a vague, uneasy feeling that occurs in response to a threat.
|
|
attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder
|
commonly called ADHD which is now the most commonly diagnosed mental health problem in childhood.
|
|
autism
|
is characterized by few social interactions,lack of communication, no use of imagination,and a restricted scope of activities and interests.
|
|
bullying
|
which is the repeated use of aggressive behaviors to intentionally intimidate another.
|
|
cephalocaudal
|
where growth occurs form head to tail.
|
|
communication disorder
|
are problems with expression, receiving messages, the pronunciation of words, and stuttering.
|
|
conduct disorder
|
Children are defiant of authority. They engage in aggressive actions toward other people, refuse to follow society's rules and norms and violate the rights of others.
|
|
development
|
refers to the increased ability to skills or functions.
|
|
dyslexia
|
have problems with reading because although they can see and recognize letters, they have difficulty integrating visual information and thus tend to twist,substitute,distort or omit many words.
|
|
encopresis
|
is defined as the repeated,usually voluntary, passage of feces in inappropriate places in a child over 4 years of age with no physical abnormalities
|
|
enuresis
|
is the involuntary urinary incontinence of a child 5 years or older.
|
|
growth
|
is the increase in physical size
|
|
homelessness
|
the lack of a permanent residence
|
|
learning disorder
|
is idagnosed when a child with normal intelligence routinely falls below the results of other children in the same age and grade groups on standard reading, mathematics,or written tests.
|
|
mental retardation
|
is a powerful label and too often applied in haste. for a child to be considered retarded,he or she must have problems in general intellectual and adaptive functioning.
|
|
neglect
|
is not meeting a child's basic nees for food, clothing, shelter,love, and belonging.
|
|
pervasive developmental disorder
|
have difficulty with social interaction skills, communications skills,and learning.
|
|
pica
|
is the term used to describe persistent eating of nonfood items for more than 1 month.
|
|
post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD)
|
usually develops following an extremely traumatic event that involves injury or threat to the child.
|
|
proximal distal
|
the pattern of growth and development in which growth occurs from near to far, midline to distal.
|
|
schizophrenia
|
is a condition associated with disturbing thought patterns and a distorted reality.
|
|
somatoform disorder
|
is one in which the child (or adult) has the signs or symptoms of illness without a traceable physical cause.
|
|
victimization
|
is the process of causing harm.
|
|
adolescence
|
begins at age 11 to 12 and ends between ages 18 and 21.
|
|
adolescent suicide
|
Act of intentionally taking one's own life by a person between 11 and 21 years of age
|
|
anorexia nervosa
|
is a prolonged refusal to eat to keep body weight at a minimum.
|
|
bulimia
|
is a cycle of binge eating followed by purging.
|
|
Chemical dependency
|
is a state in which one physically and psychologically requires a drug.
|
|
gangs
|
are usually associated with negative behaviors or destructive actions.
|
|
maturation
|
is the process of attaining complete development.
|
|
obesity
|
is defined as a body weight that is 20% or more above the average weight for a person of the same height and build.
|
|
peer groups
|
group of people of similar age, interests, and developmental levels.
|
|
personality disorder
|
is an enduring pattern of inner experience and behavior that
1. Deviates markedly from the expectations of the individual's culture. 2. is universal and inflexible 3. has an onset in adolescence or early adulthood. 4. is stable over time. 5. leads to distress or impairment. |
|
puberty
|
is defined as the stage during which an individual becomes physically capable of reproduction.
|
|
sexual disorders
|
is characterized by significant distress and impaired ability to function.
|
|
surveillance
|
is the process of watching over clients to determine if they are safe, are following their rules, are making good decisions, or need adult intervention.
|
|
Acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS)
|
prevents the body form fighting off infectious diseases, and its signs and symptoms are not apparent for many years in some cases.
|
|
adulthood
|
includes ages (approximately) 18 to 65 years.
|
|
marriage
|
is a legal state that bonds two people as a family unit.
|
|
maturity
|
is the ability to accept responsibility for one's actions, delay gratifications, and make priorities.
|
|
poverty
|
is the lack of resources necessary for reasonable and comfortable living
|
|
social isolation
|
a lack of meaningful interactions with others.
|
|
spiritual dimension
|
focuses on defining one's value system and belief system.
|
|
ageism
|
a practice of stereotyping older persons as feeble, dependent, and nonproductive.
|
|
aging
|
is the process of growing older
|
|
elder abuse
|
is defined as any action that takes advantage of an older person, his or her emotional well-being, or property.
|
|
functional assessment
|
Which is an analysis of the client's ability to perform the activities of daily living.
|
|
gerontophobia
|
The fear of aging and refusal to accept the elderly into the mainstream of society.
|
|
hoarding
|
the act of collecting and saving assorted, seemingly useless items.
|
|
integrity
|
state of wholeness
|
|
memory loss
|
is a natural part of the aging process relating to the inability to recall certain details or events.
|
|
affective loss
|
in dementia, the loss of mood, emotion, and personality.
|
|
Alzheimer's disease (AD)
|
is a progressive, degenerative disorder that affects brain cells and result in impaired memory, thinking, and behavior.
|
|
catastrophic reactions
|
in which a person becomes increasingly confused, agitated, and fearful.
|
|
cognition
|
described activities of the mind involved in thinking and thought processes.
|
|
conative loss
|
loss of the ability to make and carry out plans
|
|
confusion
|
a disruption in higher brain functions resulting in inaccurate interpretation of stimuli
|
|
delirium
|
is a change in consciousness that occurs quickly.
|
|
dementia
|
is a loss of multiple abilities, including memory, language, and the ability to think and understand judgment and abstract thought.
|
|
functional assessment
|
an analysis of each client's abilities to perform the activities of daily living.
|
|
memory loss
|
is the inability to recall a certain detail or event
|
|
sundown syndrome
|
describes a group of behaviors characterized by confusion, agitation,and disruptive actions that occur in the late afternoon or evening.
|
|
addictive behaviors
|
such as gambling, shopping, working, or engage in excessive sexual activity.
|
|
agoraphobia
|
is anxiety about possible situations in which a panic attack may occur. People avoid people, places, or events from which escape would be difficult or embarrassing.
|
|
anxiety
|
is a feeling of uneasiness,uncertainty, and helplessness.
|
|
anxiety disorder
|
exists when anxiety is expressed in ineffective or maladaptive ways and one's coping mechanisms do not successfully relieve the distress.
|
|
anxiety state
|
occurs when an individual's coping abilities become overwhelmed and emotional control is lost.
|
|
anxiety trait
|
which is a learned component of the personality.
|
|
avoidance behaviors
|
in which the child refuses to cope with the anxiety-producing situation by ignoring it.
|
|
compulsion
|
is a distressing recurring behavior.
|
|
coping mechanisms
|
a number of behaviors to help decrease discomfort
|
|
defense mechanisms
|
these psychological self-preserving behaviors reduce or avoid negative states such as conflict, frustration, anxiety, and stress
|
|
flashbacks
|
which are vivid recollections of the event where the individual relives the frightening experience.
|
|
obsession
|
is a distressing persistent thought.
|
|
panic attack
|
is a brief period of intense fear or discomfort.
|
|
phobia
|
is an internal fear reaction
|
|
signal anxiety
|
is a learned response to an anticipated event.
|
|
traumatic stress reaction
|
is a series of behavioral and emotional responses following an overwhelming stressful event.
|
|
Body image
|
one's concept of his or her body
|
|
denial
|
is psychological defense mechanism used to ward off the painful feelings associated with problems.
|
|
discharge planning
|
process whereby nurses help clients cope with the hurdles of illness or surgery through early identification of and intervention for potential problems following discharge from a health care facility.
|
|
health
|
is a dynamic state of physical, mental, and social well-being, as well as the absence of disease or abnormal conditions.
|
|
illness
|
is a state of imbalance
|
|
pain management
|
an essential step in helping clients control their pain.
|
|
sick role
|
actions and behaviors of a person who is ill
|
|
situational crisis
|
is one that relates to external or environmental problems.
|
|
anticipatory grief
|
the process of grieving before the actual event occurs
|
|
bereavement
|
is the behavioral state of thoughts, feelings, and activities that follow a loss
|
|
bereavement-related depression
|
the grieving person fells the loss so intensely that feelings of despair and worthlessness overwhelm everything in life
|
|
complicated grief
|
is a persistent yearning for a deceased person tht often occurs without signs of depression.
|
|
dying process
|
individuals and loved ones progress through several psychological stages. These stages allow people to cope with the overwhelming emotional reactions associated with dying and losing loved ones.
|
|
external losses
|
include those losses outside the individual.
|
|
grief
|
is the set of emotional reactions that accompany a loss
|
|
grieving process
|
a method for resolving losses and healing or recovering.
|
|
hospice
|
symbolizes a philosophy of care for people with terminal illnesses or conditions and their loved ones.
|
|
internal losses
|
are more personal and include the losses that involve some part of oneself.
|
|
loss
|
has several meanings. It is a form of the verb lose, which means to bring about the destruction of; to become unable to find, to misplace; a failure to keep, win, or gain;or to have taken from one by accident, separation, or death.
|
|
mourning
|
is the process of working through or resolving one's grief.
|
|
terminal illness
|
is condition in which the outcome is death.
|
|
affect
|
is the outward expression of one's emotions. it can be described as blunted (restricted), flat, inappropriate, or labile (rapidly changing)
|
|
bipolar disorders
|
is suddent and dramatic shifts in emotional extremes.
|
|
cyclothymic disorder
|
is a pattern that involves repeated mood swings alternating between hypomania and depressive symptoms.
|
|
depression
|
the opposite of mania, is characterized by feelings of sadness, disappointment, and despair.
|
|
dysthymia
|
moderate depression that persists over time.
|
|
emotion
|
is a feeling - nonintellectual response
|
|
hypomania
|
an exaggerated sense of cheerfulness,
|
|
mania
|
refers to an emotional state in which a person has an elevated, expansive, and irritable mood accompanied by a loss of identity, increased activity, and grandiose thoughts and actions.
|
|
manic depression
|
also called bipolar disorder. Behavioral problems caused by sudden dramatic shifts in emotional extremes.
|
|
mood disorder
|
is defined as a disturbance in the emotional dimension of human functioning.
|
|
postpartum depression
|
A connection between hormonal balance and emotions. Tearfulness, irritability, hypochondria, sleeplessness, impairment of concentration, and headache in the days and weeks following childbirth.
|
|
religiosity
|
believing they have powers to communicate with God or become a spirit.
|
|
seasonal affective disorder
|
also known as winter depression, occurs in many people form October to April. Mild to moderate depression are experienced during the winter days.
|
|
situational depression
|
Most depressive responses in children are tied to a specific event or situation. Also called acute depression
|
|
Body dysmorphic disorder
|
is characterized by a preoccupation with a physical difference or defect in one's body
|
|
conversion disorder
|
is considered to be a somatoform disorder in which the individual presents problems related to the sensory or motor functions.
|
|
factitious disorder
|
intentionally produce signs and symptoms of illness or disablity in order to assume the sick role.
|
|
hypochondriasis
|
is a somatoform disorder in which one has an intense fear of or preoccupation with having a serious disease or medical condition based in a misinterpretation of body signs and symptoms.
|
|
La belle indifference
|
which is a lack of concern or indifference about the signs or symptoms.
|
|
malingering
|
an individual produces symptoms to meet a recognizable goal.
|
|
physiological stress response
|
this biochemical fight-or-flight system is a biological survival tool designed to provide the energy for fighting opponents or running to save one's skin.
|
|
primary gain
|
an anxiety-reducing benefit
|
|
psychophysical disorders
|
was coined to refer to stress-related physical problems
|
|
psychosomatic illnesses
|
meaning emotionally related physical disorders, also has become to mean an imaginary illness.
|
|
secondary gains
|
to assuming the sick role, being relieved of responsibility, receiving the special attentions of others, and having dependency needs met.
|
|
somatization
|
is a term for feeling physical symptoms in the absence of disease or out of proportion to an ailment
|
|
somatoform disorder
|
is condition in which a person's symptoms suggest the presence of a medical illness
|
|
anorexia nervosa
|
a condition in which an individual does not maintain a normal body weight because of an intese fear of becoming fat.
|
|
binge eating
|
is defined as consuming an amount of food that is definitely larger than most individuals would eat in similar circumstances.
|
|
body image
|
the collection of perceptions, thoughts, feelings, and behaviors that relate to one's body size and appearance.
|
|
bulimia
|
is disorder of binge eating and the use of inappropriate methods of prevent weight gain.
|
|
cataplexy
|
is sudden episode of muscle weakness or loss of muscle tone that lasts for seconds to minutes
|
|
compulsive overeating
|
this pattern of lessening emotion pain by eating. Food becomes like a drug, with a "fix" that temporarily lessens the psychological discomforts of an ever growing desire for more food
|
|
dyssomnias
|
are characterized "by abnormalities in the amount, quality or timing of sleep".
|
|
eating disorders
|
is an ongoing disturbance in behaviors associated with the ingestion of food.
|
|
insomnia
|
is a disorder of falling asleep or maintaining a sound sleep.
|
|
narcolepsy
|
is an uncommon condition in which an individual has repeated attacks of sleep
|
|
obesity
|
is defined as an excess of body weight.
|
|
parasomnias
|
sleep disorder characterized by abnormal behavioral or physical events during sleep. It is believed that the caused by the inappropriate activation of that certain brain center that govern physical and emotional functions
|
|
pica
|
is the persistent eating of nonfood items that lasts for more than 1 month.
|
|
polysomnogram
|
monitors the client's electrophysical responses during sleep.
|
|
purging
|
is an attempt to rid the gastrointestinal tract and body of unwanted food.
|
|
rumination disorder
|
is an uncommon problem most often seen in childhood. It is defined as the regurgitation and re chewing of food.
|
|
sleep disorder
|
is a condition or problem that repeatedly disrupts an individual's pattern of sleep.
|
|
amnesia
|
is a loss of memory
|
|
depersonalization
|
is a response to severe anxiety associated with a blocking of awareness and fading of reality.
|
|
dissociation
|
is an attempt to cope with deep-seated emotional anxiety or distress.
|
|
dissociative disorder
|
is a disturbance in the normally interacting functions of consciousness: identity, memory and perception.
|
|
dissociative identity disorder (DID)
|
is defined as the presence of two or more identites or personalities that repeatedly take control of the individual's behaviors.
|
|
fugue
|
inability to remember important personal events or travels.
|
|
indentity diffusion
|
is the failure to bring various childhood identifications into an effective adult personality.
|
|
personal identity
|
composite of behavioral traits and characteristics by which one is recognized as an individual.
|
|
self-concept
|
is defined as all the attitudes, notions, beliefs, and convictions that make up a person's self-knowledge.
|
|
self-esteem
|
an individual's judgment of his or her own worth
|
|
self-ideal
|
personal standards of how one should behave
|
|
trance
|
is defined as a state resembling sleep in which consciousness remains but voluntary movement is lost.
|
|
acting out
|
is the use of inappropriate or destructive behaviors to express emotions
|
|
aggression
|
is a forceful attitude or action that is expressed physically, symbolically, or verbally.
|
|
anger
|
is a normal emotional response to a perceived threat, frustration, or distressing event.
|
|
assault
|
is legal term that describes any behavior that presents an immediate threat to another person.
|
|
assertiveness
|
defines the quality for which we strive
|
|
battery
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is the unlawful use of force on a person without his or her consent
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impulse control
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the ability to express one's emotions in appropriate or effective ways
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intermittent explosive disorder
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is a failure to resist aggressive impulses that result in the destruction of property or assault of another individual.
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passive aggression
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involves indirect expressions of anger through subtle, evasive, or manipulative behaviors
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violance
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is behavior tht threatens or harms other people or their property. A violent act is actions of force that result in abuse or harm
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abuse
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is the intentional misuse of someone or something that results in harm, injury, or trauma
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aggression
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is a forceful attitude or action that is expressed physically, symbolically, or verbally
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agitation
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describes behavior that is verbally or physically offensive
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battering
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is a term that describes repeated physical abuse of someone, usually a woman, child, or elder.
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domestic violence
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describes abuse and battering within a family
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emotional abuse
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involves rejection, criticism, terrorizing, and isolation
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exploitation
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refers to the use of an individual for selfish purposes, profit, or gain.
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forensic evidence
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is information that is gathered for legal purposes
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homicide
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taking the life of another person
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incest
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when sexual activities or intercourse occurs between members of the same family (other then the parents).
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machismo
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is defined as compulsive masculinity
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neglect
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is harm to another's health or welfare through a failure to provide for basic needs or by placing the individual's health or welfare at unreasonable risk
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physical abuse
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is inflicted injury to a child, ranging from minor bruises and lacerations to severe trauma and death.
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pornography
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writings, pictures, or other messages pertaining to children that are intended to sexually arouse.
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prostitution
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selling of sexual favors by children
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rape
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is an act of sexual violence by one person against another
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sexual abuse
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is the intentional engaging of children in sexual acts.
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shaken baby syndrome
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is defined as vigorous shaking of an infant that leads to whiplash induced bleeding within the brain with no external signs of head trauma.
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violence
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is defined as an outburst of physical force that abuses, injures, or harms another person or object.
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ambivalence
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is a state in which an individual experiences conflicting feelings, attitudes, or drives.
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direct self-destructive behaviors
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are any form of active suicidal behavior, such as threats, gestures, or attempts to end one's life.
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indirect self-destructive behaviors
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are described as any behavior or action that results in harm to the individual's well-being or death.
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parasuicidal behaviors
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are unsuccessful attempts and gestures associated with a low likelihood of success
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passive suicide
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refusing to eat, drink, or cooperate with care. Usually by older adults.
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rational suicide
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because the choice to end one's life was made freely and rationally with a sound mind.
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self-injuries
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reaffirm to individuals that they are still alive
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suicidal attempts
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are serious self-directed actions that are intended to do harm or end life
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suicidal gestures
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are suicidal actions that result in little or no injury but communicate a message of suicidal intent.
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suicidal ideation
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is described as thoughts or fantasies that are expressed but have no definite intent.
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suicidal threats
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are verbal or written expressions of the intent to take one's life, but they are without action.
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suicide
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is the action of intentionally taking one's own life.
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suicide precautions
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are standard interventions to prevent a suicide attempt from occurring.
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suicidology
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the study of the nature of suicide
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abstinence
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occurs when an addicted individual is not using an addictive substance
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abused substances
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are those chemicals that alter the individual's perception by affecting the central nervous system.
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addiction
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when the dependence on the substance is physical
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alcohol
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is caused by the presence of ethanol (ETOH), is a chemical that results form the fermentation of yeast and grains, malts, or fruits
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alcoholism
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describes an addiction to alcohol
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amphetamines
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were originally pharmaceutically manufactured medicines to treat depression, narcolepsy, hyperactivity in children, and obesity. Were initially sold without a prescription in inhalers and diet pills. They are available only by prescription but many are illegally manufactured. They are strong stimulants with addictive properties.
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caffeine
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is found in every supermarket. it is the main active ingredient in coffee, black teas, most cola drinks, and other bottled beverages. Caffeine stimulates the nervous system, relieving fatigue and increasing alertness and the body's metabolic rate.
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cannabis
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(marijuana) is term applied to the hemp plant.
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cocaine
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is potent natural stimulant.
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crack
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is a type of processed cocaine.
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designer drugs
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are substances "created by underground chemists who alter the molecular structures of existing drugs".
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detoxification
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the process of withdrawing from a substance under medical supervision.
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disulfiram (Antabuse)
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is a medication taken daily by nonpracticing alcoholics
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dual diagnoses
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People with serious mental illness who also are addicted to or use chemicals.
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habituation
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occures when an individual depends on a substance to provide pleasure or relief.
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hallucinogens
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are natural and synthetic substances that alter one's perception of reality.
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heroin
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is a white, bitter-tasting powder that is usually put into solution and injected.
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inhalants
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the breathing in of volatile substances or chemical gases.
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intoxication
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is defined as a state of maladaptive behavioral or psychological changes resulting form exposure to certain chemicals
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methadone
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drug used to treat herion addiction
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narcotics
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are central nervous system depressants
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nicotine
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is currently a legal inhalant it is present in all forms of tobacco (cigaretts, chewing tobacco, pipe tobacco, cigars, snuff) and certain medications (nicotine patch, nicotine gum).
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phencyclidine (PCP)
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was originally developed for use as an animal tranquilizer. When taken by humans, it produces mild depression with low doses and a schizophrenic-like reaction with higher amounts.
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relapse
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is the recurrence of substance-abusing behaviors after a significant period of abstinence.
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substance
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is defined as a "drug of abuse, a medication, or a toxin"
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substance (drug) abuse
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is the "excessive use of a substance that differs from societal norms"
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substance (chemical) dependancy
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occurs when a user must take his or her usual dose of the durg to prevent the onset of withdrawal signs and symptoms.
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substance use
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is the ingesting (eating, drinking, injecting, or inhaling) of any chmical that affects the body
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tolerance
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develops as increased amounts of the chemical are needed to produce the same effects that one dose once produced
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bisexual
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Persons who are attracted to and engage in sexual activities with members of both genders
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dyspareunia
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pain associated with sexual intercourse; may occur in both females and males
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erotic
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sexual desiring needs of husbands were filled by other men, especially adolescent boys.
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exhibitionism
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is exposure of one'e genitals to unsuspecting person(s) followed by sexual arousal
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gay
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people who prefer homosexuality and applies to both genders
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gender identity
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the physical makeup of an individual
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gender perception
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a view of one's maleness or femaleness
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gender role
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cultural and social obligations relating to one's gender
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heterosexual
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persons who express their sexuality with members of the opposite gender
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homosexuality
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The sexual desireof preference for members of one's own gender
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lesbian
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applies to female homosexuals
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paraphilias
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are groups of sexual varieations that depart from society's traditional and acceptable modes of seeking sexual gratification.
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pedophilia
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is fondling and/or other types of sexual activities with prepubescent child (usually under age 13 years and having not yet developed secondary sec characteristics)
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prostitution
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the selling of sexual services in exchange for (spiritual gain)
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sexual addiction
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is a progressive and chronic addiction characterized by patterns of compulsive sexual behavior despite negative consequences.
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sexual disorder
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are those problems that cause distress and impaired functioning in an individual or others who are exposed to the sexual behavior.
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sexual dysfunction
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is a disturbance anywhere during these four stage of the sexual response cycle.
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sexual masochism
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is sexual arousal achieved by being receiver of pain (either physical or emotional), humiliation, or being made to suffer
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sexual orientation
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gender to which one is romantically attracted.
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sexual sadism
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is sexual arousal achieved by infliction of pain (either physical or emotional) or humiliation into another person
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sexuality
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is the combination of physical, chemical, psychological, and functional characteristics that are expressed by one's gender identity and sexual behaviors.
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transsexualism
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is the persistent desire to become a member of the opposite gender
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transvestism
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is commonly referred to as cross-dressing.
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vaginismus
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Persistent involuntary contractions of muscles around vagina when penetration is attempted.
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voyeurism
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is sexual arousal achieved by observing unsuspecting persons who are naked, in act of disrobing, or engaging in sexual activity (peeping tom)
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antisocial personality
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disorder is a pervasive pattern of disregard for and violation of the rights of others.
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avoidant personality
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disorder, anxiety is related to a fear of rejection, individuals narrow their interest to a small range of activities.
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borderline personality
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disorder can be summarized as a pattern of instability in mood, thinking, self-image, behavior, and personal relationships.
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deceit
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is lying.
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dependent personality
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disorder is associated with separation and abandonment.
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dual diagnosis
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many individuals with personality disorders also suffer from substance abuse or other mental health problems
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gregarious
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sociable and in need of the company of others
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histrionic personality
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disorder is a pattern of excessive emotional expression accompanied by attention-seeking behaviors.
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ideas of reference
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incorrect perceptions of causal events as having great or significant meaning.
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impulsivity
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acting out forethought or regard to the consequences, is a feature of personality disorders.
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manipulation
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is controlling others for one's own purposes by influencing them in unfair or false ways.
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narcissistic personality
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disorderis characterized by a pattern of grandiosity and the need to be admired.
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object constancy
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which is the knowledge that a loved person or object continues to exit, even though it is out of sight.
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obsessive-compulsive personality
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disorder focus their anxiety on uncertainty about the future
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paranoia
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is a suspicious system of thinking that includes delusions of persecution and grandeur.
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antimetabolites
6-mercaptopurine (6-MP) |
purine (thiol) analog: decreases de novo purine synthesis. activated by HGPRTase. (PRPP synthase inhibitor)
use: leukemias, lymphomas (not CLL or Hodgkin's) toxicity: BM, GI, liver. metabolized by xanthine oxidase, thus increased toxicity with allopurinol (xanthine oxidase inhibitor). prodrug is azathioprine. |
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personality disorders
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are defined as long-standing, maladaptive patterns of behaving and relating.
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psychopath
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a gross disturbance in social behavior with no impairment mental state.
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schizoid personality
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disorder lack the desire or willingness to become involved in close relationships.
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schizotypal personality
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disorder have the same interaction pattern of avoiding people as schizoid personalities, but behaviors here are characterized by distortions and eccentricities (odd, strange, or peculiar action)
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splitting
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emotionally dividing the staff by complimenting one group and degrading another
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temperament
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the biological bases that underlie moods, energy, levels, and attitudes.
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agnosia
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an inability to recognize familiar objects or people.
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akatheisia
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is an inability to sit still.
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akinesia
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means the absence of movement, both physically and mentally.
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alexithymia
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a difficulty in identifying and describing emotions.
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anhedonia
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the inability (or decrease ability) to experience pleasure in life
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apathy
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a lack of concern, interest, or feelings
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bradykinesia
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slowing of body movements and a diminished mental state.
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delusions
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fixed false ideas that are not based in reality
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derealization
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a loss of ego boundaries with an inability to tell where one's body ends and the environment begins.
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dyskinesia
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is characterized by involuntary abnormal skeletal muscle movements.
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dystonia
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is impaired muscle tone.
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extrapyramidal side effects (EPSEs)
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best described as "abnormal involuntary movement disorders (that) develop because of a drug-induced imbalance between two major neurotransmitters, dopamine and acetylcholine.
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hallucinations
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which are false sensory inputs with no external stimuli.
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ideas of reference
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the idea that people or the media are talking about oneself.
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illusions
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false perceptions of real stimuli
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laryngeal-pharyngeal dystonia
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When the muscles of the throat become rigid, the client begins to gag, choke, and become cyanotic.
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negative symptoms
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relate to the lack of adaptive mechanisms.
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neuroleptic malignant syndrome (NMS)
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is a potentially fatal extrapyramidal side effect of antipsychotic medication
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oculogyric crisis
|
When dystonia involves the muscles that control eye movements , the eyes involuntarily roll to the back of the head.
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perseveration
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the repeating of the same idea in response to different questions.
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positive symptoms
|
relate to maladaptive thoughts and behaviors.
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poverty of thought
|
a lack of ability to produce new thoughts or follow a train of thought.
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psychosis
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the inability to recognize reality, relate to others, or cope with life's demands.
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ideas of reference
|
the idea that people or the media are talking about oneself.
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illusions
|
false perceptions of real stimuli
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laryngeal-pharyngeal dystonia
|
When the muscles of the throat become rigid, the client begins to gag, choke, and become cyanotic.
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negative symptoms
|
relate to the lack of adaptive mechanisms.
|
|
neuroleptic malignant syndrome (NMS)
|
is a potentially fatal extrapyramidal side effect of antipsychotic medication
|
|
oculogyric crisis
|
When dystonia involves the muscles that control eye movements , the eyes involuntarily roll to the back of the head.
|
|
perseveration
|
the repeating of the same idea in response to different questions.
|
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positive symptoms
|
relate to maladaptive thoughts and behaviors.
|
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poverty of thought
|
a lack of ability to produce new thoughts or follow a train of thought.
|
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psychosis
|
the inability to recognize reality, relate to others, or cope with life's demands.
|
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schizophrenia
|
a group of related disorders characterized by disordered thinking, perceptions, and behaviors.
|
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tardive dyskinesia
|
is a drug-induced condition that produces involuntary, repeated movements of the muscles of the face, truck, arms,and legs.
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torticollis
|
in which contracted cervical muscles force the neck into a twisted position.
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Chemical restraint
|
is medication that reduces psychotic symptoms and quiets behavior.
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chronic mental illness
|
is the presence of one or more recurring psychiatric disorders that result in significantly impaired functional abilities.
|
|
co-morbidity (co-occurring)
|
refers to the presence of two or more mental health disorders.
|
|
exacerbation
|
are periods of dysfunction accompanied by an increase in the signs, symptoms, and seriousness of the problem.
|
|
psychiatric rehabilitation
|
focuses on assisting individuals with serious mental illness to effectively cope with their life situations
|
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remissions
|
are times of partial or complete disappearance of symptoms.
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Change process
|
is defined as the series of steps that result in a difference.
|
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competent
|
an individual must be able to
1. make a choice 2. understand important information 3. appreciate one's own situation and 4. apply reasoning. |
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entrepreneur
|
self-employed nurses
|
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homelessness
|
means to be without a permanent residence, a place to live.
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information overload
|
is a state of mind in which so many facts have been absorbed that they all become an unrelated jumble of stored information
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|
mental health care team
|
is a group of professionally trained specialists who develop and implement comprehensive treatment plans for clients with mental and emotional problems.
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nurse case managers
|
work with psychiatrists to develop treatment plans tailored to each client's special needs.
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psychosocial (psychiatric) rehabilitation.
|
is a way of assisting people with mental health problems in readjusting and adapting to life in the community.
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