Use LEFT and RIGHT arrow keys to navigate between flashcards;
Use UP and DOWN arrow keys to flip the card;
H to show hint;
A reads text to speech;
72 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
During an anterior pelvic tilt, the ASIS moves...
Which way does the left side move in a left lateral tilt? |
Forward (and down)
Down |
|
Hyperextension is a __ not a ___
|
position, not a motion
|
|
Other names for ulnar deviation, which side
|
ulnar flexion or adduction, toward ulna
|
|
What are the movements of the scapulae?
|
Protraction & retraction (squeeze)
Elevation and depression Upward (inferior angle away) and downward (inferior angle toward midline) rotation |
|
Pronation involves which movements
supination |
Dorsiflexion, eversion and abduction of the toes
plantarflextion, inversion, abduction |
|
Forearm movements and positions
|
pronation (internal rotation, palm down), supination (external rotation, on back)
Semiprone is position in fundamental starting position |
|
What is horizontal flexion/adduction?
|
of arm: movement of arm forward and toward the mid line from being abducted 90 degrees to the side.
Leg - same, swing raised leg |
|
What axis goes through the sagittal plane?
|
Mediolateral axis
|
|
What axis goes through the frontal/coronal plane?
|
Anteroposterior axis
|
|
What axis goes through the transverse plane?
|
Longitudinal axis
|
|
What treatment did the woman who had her tibial plateau fractured in a wave receive?
How was her bone density? |
Open Reduction Internal Fixation
(lateral plateau injured 60% of the time) Normal bone density, but overweight |
|
Functions of skeletal system
|
Support/structure
Framework for movement - attachment sites for muscles Leverage Protection (of organs), Storage (of minerals), heat generation, and blood formation |
|
Types of bones, example
|
Long - femur, phalanges
Short - carpals and tarsals Irregular - vertebrae - Sesamoid - patella and in hands (pisiform Flat - sternum, illium |
|
What is the function of the patella (and other sesamoid bones)
|
Increases the moment arm of a muscle, giving it more leverage
Also, reduce friction |
|
Bone tissue percentage of
water: Minerals and Collagen: |
water: 25-30
Minerals & Collagen - 60-70% (calcium and phosphate) |
|
Articular cartilage percentage of water:
Contains: |
60-80%
Contains collagen and proteoglycan |
|
Fibrocartilage functions:
Locations: |
Improve fit between bones
– Intermediary between hyaline cartilage and other connective tissues Meniscus, articular disc, intervertebral disks, jaw, knee, labrum |
|
Ligaments connect...
consist of... |
Bone to bone
Consists of collagen, elastin, and reticulin • Can be capsular (thickening in capsule), extracapsular (outside joint, and intracapsular (within joint) |
|
Maximum stress of a ligament is related to
|
cross-sectional area
|
|
When loaded, ligaments become...
their behavior is |
stronger and stiffer
Viscoelastic, stiffer at quicker rate |
|
Why don't labral tears heal well?
|
The labrum, a ring of fibrocartilage around the fossa that creates more stability in the glenohumeral joint doesn't have a good blood supply
|
|
Osteoporosis is diagnosed by
|
scan?, must have bone density 2.5 standard deviations below a 30 year old's
|
|
1-2.5 standard deviations below a 30 year old's bone density is considered
|
low bone density, not osteoporosis
|
|
Who is at risk for osteoporosis?
|
The elderly, people with eating disorders, amenorrheic athletes
|
|
FRAX is
motivational because |
a fracture risk calculating tool on the internet
It shows actual data and gives people a number |
|
How did the effectiveness of surgery vs. an exercise intervention following a vertebral disk fracture compare?
|
Exercise intervention most beneficial
|
|
How many degrees of freedom in a synarthrodial joint?
Structure: Example: |
0
stabilized by strong connective tissue Sutures in skull |
|
How many degrees of freedom in a diarthrodial joint?
Structure: Example: |
1, 2, or 3
not directly joined, connected within synovial joint capsule |
|
How many degrees of freedom in a amphiarthrodial joint?
Structure: Example: |
3
Stabilized by hyaline or fibrocartilage Intervertebral discs, pubic symohysis |
|
Types of synovial joints and their df
|
Ball-and-socket - 3
Plane - 2 Condyloid - 2, sag and trans Ellipsoidal - 2 Saddle - 2 Pivot -1 Hinge - 1 |
|
The intervertebral joint includes
|
interbody joint/?
and facet, or apophyseal, zygoapophyseal |
|
Skeletal muscle has two distinct roles as
|
Skeletal stabilizer: generating appropriate amount of force at a given length, equal forces create isometric action
Skeletal mover: force modulation |
|
Skeletal muscle percentage of body weight
|
40-45%
|
|
Two forms of muscle morphology
|
Parallel: includes Fusiform
Penniform: fibers approach central tendon obliquely, can be uni, bi, or multi |
|
Having penniform vs. fusiform muscle morphology affects
|
amount of shortening possible (affects speed of segment endpoint)
Amount of force generation possible |
|
epimysium surrounds
Perimysium... Endomysium |
whole muscle, e.g. coracobrachialis
Fasicle individual muscle cell/fiber |
|
Role of connective tissue within the muscle
6 things |
gross structure
conduit for vessels and nerves passive tension helps muscle regain shape transmits force, linking muscles into polyarticular muscle chains Communication? signalling system to help control movement |
|
includes diaphram, iliacus, psoas, TFL, vastus lateralis, biceps femoris
clinical significance |
Anterior Interior Chain
Rehabilitating key movement patters instead of individual muscles... greater effect Awesome example with knee pain guy |
|
Reflects the amount of contractile protein available to generate force
|
physiological cross-sectional area
perpendicular to fiber orientation |
|
What happens to the angle of pennation when tension on the tendon increases?
|
it increases
|
|
Why do pennate muscles produce greater maximal force than fusiform muscles of similar size (in general)?
|
The PCSA is more important than the pennation angle for force production, so more fibers even though each one contributes less force in the desired direction
|
|
What does the active tension curve look like in isometric tension with increasing length?`
|
like a hill, with the peak where there is no slack in the muscle, but before it is stretched.
|
|
What does the passive tension curve look like in isometric tension with increasing length?`
|
Exponential increase, starting where there is no slack in the muscle, but before it is stretched
|
|
What does the overall graph of isometric tension with increasing length look like?`
|
continuing increase because passive tension (SEC and PEC) come in as active drops off
|
|
Elasticity is
|
the temporary storage of energy in stretched muscle
|
|
Viscosity is
|
the rate-dependent resistance encountered between surfaces of adjacent fluid-like tissues = internal resistance to elongation increases with the rate of stretch
|
|
Elastic and viscous properties of muscle influence
|
amount and rate of passive tension developed within a stretched muscle
|
|
How do the elastic and viscose properties protect muscles
|
Viscosity slows force
Tension of elasticity protects from overstretching |
|
Hamstring tendon avulsion fracture happens in what position?
To who? In what conditions? |
maximally lengthened position (2-joint muscle)
soccer players, hurdlers at extreme ranges of motion w/ high velocity |
|
The force that can be developed in the muscle is proportional to
|
the number of cross-bridges formed
|
|
Isometric force and internal torque-joint angle curve development
A. Max isometric strength often used as indicator of |
muscle's peak strength -
|
|
Isometric force and internal torque-joint angle curve development
B. When measuring (with what tool?) we assume... |
(dynamometer) assume internal = external torque because muscle action is isometric
|
|
Isometric force and internal torque-joint angle curve development
C. Are all internal torque - joint angle graphs the same? Why? |
No, specific to each muscle group.
Muscle length changes Moment arm changes (leverage) |
|
Mechanical and physiologic properties affecting internal torque-joint angle curve
Mechanical: |
increase or decreased moment arm (damage to patella)
|
|
Mechanical and physiologic properties affecting internal torque-joint angle curve
Physiological: |
decrease muscle activation or decreaed muscle length at time of motor units firing
Peroneal nerve damage - "foot drop" Radial nerve damage - innervates wrist extensors, inappropriate muscle length. |
|
Isokinetic muscle action
|
muscle contraction occuring at a constant speed (either concentric or eccentric)
|
|
Isotonic muscle action
|
muscle contraction with constant weight (con, ecc or iso metric), force changes through range of motion
|
|
How does the force generated during eccentric muscle action vary with increasing velocity?
|
max force increases
|
|
How does the force generated during concentric muscle action vary with increasing velocity?
|
max force decreases
|
|
During maximal effort __ activation is inversely proportional to the velocity of muscle shortening
|
concentric
|
|
During maximal effort __ activation is directly proportional to the velocity of muscle lengthening
|
eccentric
|
|
Power = force x __
max power ~ |
contraction velocity
30% of max |
|
most efficient
can produce the most force through the whole range of motion |
eccentric muscle action
|
|
Henneman size principle allows for
|
smooth controlled movement, use motor units appropriate to task (pick up banana vs. hammer with it)
|
|
Rate coding -
|
sequence of driving motorneurons to higher rates thus allowing for greater force production in muscle (speed of signal)
|
|
Neuronal control of movement
Tension |
Size and number of motor units recruited
|
|
Rather than for mechanical advantage, our muscle system is designed for
|
range of motion
rapid movements of distal endpoints Compact physique (vs. having webbed limbs, don't need huge muscles) |
|
Risk factors for injury to skeletal muscle
|
two jointed
Eccentric contraction to slow limb fatigued or weak Unique task for first time Already injured |
|
Muscle roles
|
Agonist - generates force for muscle action
Antagonists - counters agonist, for control Stabilizer - holds parts of body fixed Neutralizer - counteracts component of agonist muscle |
|
Prime mover
|
primary muscle(s) responsible for the joint action
|
|
Coracobrachialis
Origin and insertion Action |
Tip of coracoid process of scapula
to middle third of medial surface of humerus Helps to flex and adduct arm at glenohumeral joint |
|
Open vs. closed chain
|
open - body segments not attached/fixed
Closed - fixed stance vs. swing phase |