Use LEFT and RIGHT arrow keys to navigate between flashcards;
Use UP and DOWN arrow keys to flip the card;
H to show hint;
A reads text to speech;
71 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
Which of the pulmonary fungi are true pathogens?
|
Histoplasmosis capsulatum
Blastomyces dermatitidis Paracoccidioides brasiliensis Coccidioides immitis |
|
Which of the pulmonary fungi are opportunists?
|
Pneumocystis jiroveci
Aspergillus spp Zygomycetes |
|
What polymer gives fungi their shape?
|
Chitin
|
|
Can fungi be encapsulated?
|
Yes.
|
|
What sterol compound is found in fungi?
|
Ergosterol
|
|
Typical fungal infections are _______________?
|
Dimorphic
|
|
What environmental changes affect fungal growth?
|
pH, temperature, CO2
|
|
What form do infectious fungi take inside the human body?
|
Yeast form
|
|
Fungi produce toxins?
|
No.
|
|
What causes the damage to the host from a fungal infection?
|
Immune system damage
|
|
Which two cells are needed for mediating infection?
|
Neutrophils and T-Cells
|
|
The yeast form of histoplasmosis shows what on its structure?
|
Tuberculate - small finger projections
|
|
Is histoplasmosis encapsulated?
|
No.
|
|
What type of soil does histoplasmosis like?
|
Acidic from droppings
|
|
How is histoplasmosis transmitted?
|
Via inhalation of microconidia
|
|
What is the most endemic mycosis in the USA?
|
Histoplasmosis
|
|
How does histoplasmosis survive in the macrophage?
|
Modulation of pH
|
|
How many weeks until the histoplasmosis stops?
|
2 weeks before CMI is activated and T-cells kill off the macrophage + fungi
|
|
How does asymptomatic histoplasmosis present?
|
Fever, cough, rash
|
|
Histoplasmosis is self limiting?
|
Histoplasmosis
|
|
Where does disseminated histoplasmosis head to?
|
Heads to the lymph nodes.
|
|
Can histoplasmosis show up looking like TB?
|
It shows up as streaky infilitrate because of calcifcations.
|
|
The rash of histoplasmosis is seen where?
|
On the knees
|
|
The yeast form of blastomyces dermatiditis appears ____________ than histoplasmosis?
|
Larger
|
|
Where does dermatiditis replicate?
|
Extracellularly
|
|
How is dermatiditis transmit?
|
Microconidia
|
|
How does dermatiditis adhere to target cells?
|
Glucans and glycoprotein BAD1
|
|
What symptom is indicative of disseminated dermatiditis?
|
Skin lesion
|
|
Coccidioides immitis has what unique form that looks like a microconidia?
|
Spherules
|
|
What is contained in spherule?
|
Daughter cells
|
|
How do you get coccidioides immitis?
|
Inhalation of athroconidia
|
|
Where do athrospores form?
|
On the hyphae of the fungi.
|
|
Where is coccidiodies found in the country?
|
The south west
|
|
What disease is caused by coccidioides?
|
San Jauquin Valley Fever
|
|
The majority of coccidioides infections are hemantagenous?
|
No. 60% are asymptomatic while 40% are respiratory but self limiting. 1% affect skin and give a spotty rash.
|
|
Disseminated coccidioides goes after what two prime sites?
|
CNS and bones
|
|
Diagnosis of coccidioides is found where?
|
In tissue sample as spherule and as a type 4 hypersensitivity.
|
|
Paracoccidioides shows up as what interesting visual difference in the yeast form?
|
Budding yeast that release daughter particles into the body
|
|
Where is paracoccidioides found?
|
South America
|
|
What is paracoccidioides frequently referred to as?
|
South American blastomycosis.
|
|
What gender does paracoccidioides go after?
|
Mostly men
(Probably because of hormone panel) |
|
Secondary paracoccidioides appears as what?
|
Damage to nose and mouth in form of ulcers
|
|
How does primary paracoccidioides appear?
|
Like histoplasmosis
|
|
Pneuocystis jiroveci is found in what population?
|
Severely immunocompromised. Opportunisitic
|
|
What was pneumocystis thought to be early on?
|
A protozoan
|
|
What compound is missing from pneumocystis?
|
Ergosterol
|
|
Can pneumocystis be cultured?
|
No.
|
|
What shape does pneumocystis take?
|
Any really because of the low chitin.
|
|
Pneumocystis is highly virulent?
|
No.
|
|
Pneumocystis relies on what to infect cells?
|
MSG (major surface glycoprotein)
|
|
Why doesn't our immunity against pneumocystis stick around?
|
Quick mutation rate to the antigenic bit called MSG
|
|
Pneumocystis is transmitted how?
|
By inspiration
|
|
Is pneumocystis rare?
|
No, it is ubiquitious but infection is rare
|
|
What type of exudate shows up in people with a pnemocystis infection?
|
Foamy exudate from what is left of the immune system mounting a response
|
|
How does pneumocystis present?
|
At 3-4 weeks, there is a non-productive cough and dyspnea leading to hypoxia and cyanosis.
|
|
Why is cyanosis present in people with pneumocystis?
|
Foamy exudate blocks the air transit.
|
|
What format does the aspergillus take?
|
Mold form exclusively
|
|
What temperature does the hyphae of aspergillus come out at?
|
45 degrees
|
|
What are the two main forms of aspergillus?
|
Flavus and fumigatus
|
|
What enzyme does aspergillus have to allow its continued growth?
|
Enzymatic proteases that are are extracellular
|
|
Where do you find aspergillus?
|
In the soil and decomposing soil
|
|
Invasive asperillus goes where?
|
Brain, GI and other organs
|
|
Localized non-invasive asperillus goes where?
|
To a single lung site and makes aspergilloma.
|
|
What patients are susceptible to infection?
|
Neutropenia and leukopenia
|
|
There are three main species of zygomycosis?
|
Oryzae
Pussilus Corymbifera |
|
What form does zygomycosis take?
|
Mold
|
|
What is indicative of about the hyphae on zygomycosis?
|
At 90 degree angles
|
|
Does zygomycosis show conidia in tissue?
|
No
|
|
Where is zygomycosis found?
|
In rotting vegetation and fruits
Inhalation of conidia |
|
What are risk factors of zygomycosis?
|
Burns, diabetes, cancer, leukemia, corticosteriods
|
|
Rhinocerebral zygomycosis is quite common?
|
No, you must have multiple risk factors for it.
|