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31 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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BASICS
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Density
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Density = Mass/Volume --> [kg/m^3]
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Density of Water
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1g/cm^3 = 1000kg/m^3
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Charge Density
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Charge Density = Charge/Volume --> ion
e.g. Which has greater charge density? Li ion --> Li+ Greater charge density Na ion --> Na+ Larger atom |
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Specific Gravity (SG)
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Specific Gravity = Density (substance)/Density (water)
No units |
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Avagadro's Number (NA)
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NA = 6.002214...x10^23 mol-1 --> 6 x 10^23 mol-1
NA = # of stuff per mol |
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Diatomics @ STD conditions
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Have No Fear Of Ice Cold Beer
H2(g) N2(g) F2(g) O2(g) I2(s) Cl2(g) Br(l) |
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Empirical Formula
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Ratio of atoms
e.g. HO |
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Molecular Formula
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Multiple of empirical formula
e.g. H2O2 |
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Lewis Dot Structure
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Shows Valence e-
-Shows chemical reactivity: All atoms in a column have the same valance electrons--> same chemical compounds -Reactivity: < 4 valence e- : lose e-, cation > 4 Valence e- : gain e-, anionic |
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Non-Octet Exceptions
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Less than octet: H(2), He(2), Li(2), B(6), Be(4)
More than octet: P(10), S(12) Odd-summed: ClO2 --> 7 +6 + 6 = 19 (radical) Paramagetism |
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Paramagetism
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Paramagnetic - present/absence of radical
- unpaired electrons present - attracted to magnetic field (B) Diamagnetic - no unpaired e- - repelled by B |
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Formal Charge (FC)
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Charge on atoms within molecules
FC = V (valence) - 1/2 B (bonded) - L (lone pairs) |
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NUCLEAR CHEMISTRY
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4 Forces of Nature
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1) strong nuclear force -> binds nucleus
2) electromagnetic force -> attracts/repels based on charge 3) weak nuclear force -> interconverts neurons <-> protons 4) gravity -> accelerations downward |
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Mass-energy
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E = MC^2
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Binding Energy (EB)
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EB = MC^2
Sum of mass at nucleons in the nucleus is < individual nucleuons =mass defect =amount of energy lost when forming nucleus =Amount of E to break apart nucleus |
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Forming Bonds
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Exothermic Reaction
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Breaking Bonds
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Endothermic Reaction
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Atomic Structure
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Mass Number
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Mass # = Protons + Neutrons
Identifies Isotopes Not on periodic table |
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Atomic Number
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Atomic # = Number of protons
Identifies element |
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Charge
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Charge = Protons - Electrons
Identifies ions |
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Decay modes/particles
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1) alpha
2) B- = Beta emission 3) B+ = Positron emission 4) EC = e- capture (rare!) 5) Gamma Rays Note: All decay modes - always exothermic |
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1) a = alpha
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a = 4/2He2+
Atomic # decreases by 2 Increased molecular weight |
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2) B- = Beta emission
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Atomic # increases by 1
High n/p+ ratio |
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3) B+ = Positron emission
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Atomic # decreases by 1
High p+/n ratio |
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4) EC = e- capture (rare!)
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Atomic # decreases by 1
Combine e- + p+ = n Mass # stays the same |
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5) Gamma Rays
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Atomic # stays the same
EM (emits) radiation |
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Decay - FInding daughter nuclei
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D (daughter nuclei) = P (parent) - (Decay)
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Half-life (t1/2)
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Amount of time for 1/2 a sample to decay.
Short t1/2 --> More Dangerous ***USE TABLES TO SOLVE!!!*** |
