Use LEFT and RIGHT arrow keys to navigate between flashcards;
Use UP and DOWN arrow keys to flip the card;
H to show hint;
A reads text to speech;
105 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
What happens When a liquid or gas is heated |
Heating a gas or liquid makes them less dense, so it rises and cause circulation. |
|
As you ........ a substance up. the energy is ......... until the energy is released. When it cools down this energy that is stored is the S....H....C....... |
Heat stored Specific Heat Capacity |
|
What is Conduction and how does it work |
Conduction is the main form of heat transfer in solids When particles gain heat energy they gain Kinetic Energy and vibrate more. In solids these vibrations cause neighbouring particles to vibrate more, so these particles gain more kinetic energy and become hotter. |
|
Energy can be transformed usefully from one form to another, ........ or dissipated but it can ........ be created or ........... |
Never Created Destroyed |
|
What Is Evaporation |
When a liquid turns into a gas (below boiling temp) |
|
What Are U - Values |
U- Values measure how well something conducts heat. |
|
What are particles called that move about |
Kinetic Energy |
|
The kinetic energy particles ......... with temperature Particles are ........ to each other. |
increase attracted |
|
Heat transfers through ...... with a higher U value, faster than materials with a ......... U-value. |
materials lower |
|
What is the opposite of conducting |
Insulator |
|
What Happens when Warmer Gas Particles hit a cooler surface |
They loose kinetic energy and become liquid particles. (Condensation) |
|
What are the three things that temperature rise of an object depend on |
The material the object is made from the mass of the substance The amount of heat energy given |
|
What Are substances made up off |
Particles - atoms, irons and molecules |
|
What is Condensation |
When a gas turns into a liquid Water vapour molecules hit a cold surface and turn back into a liquid |
|
Particles in ....... vibrate but stay in the same place Do ...... have a fixed shape do ...... Flow do ...... Fixed volume do ...... higher or low density |
Solid yes no yes high |
|
What temp does water freeze at What temp does water boil at |
0 degrees c water freezes at 100 degrees c water boils at |
|
Particles in Liquids can ....... over each other. Do liquids flow do liquids have a fixed shape do they have fixed volume do they have high or low density |
flow yes no yes high |
|
How many joules does it take to warm up 1kg of water |
4200J |
|
Light shiny surfaces ..... more heat radiation Dark matt surfaces ...... and emit heat faster |
Reflect Absorb |
|
What Factors can affect the rate of condensation |
Increase - The surface area of the cool surface, will the rate of condensation Reduce the temperature of the cool surface will affect the rate of condensation. |
|
What Is Energy Transfer |
Transferring energy from one form to another |
|
What is Specific Heat Capacity |
The specific heat capacity is the amount of energy In Joules, that is needed to change the temperature of a 1kg of substance by 1 degrees c |
|
What is Convection and how does it work |
Convection is the main form of heat transfer in liquids and gasses This happens by the circulation of a heated fluid The particles in a heated fluid spread out and the substance becomes less dense, this forms a circulation of hot heat. |
|
Particles in gases move fast and create more kinetic energy the energy in gas is not in a fixed position Do gases flow Do they have a fixed shape do they have a fixed volume do they have a high or low density |
yes no no low |
|
What are the three ways in that heat energy can be transferred |
1) IRA - Radiation 2) Conduction 3) Convection |
|
What is heat radiation transferred by The hotter an object the more IR it ...... in a given time rate of ......... transfer by heat radiation depends on .......... and texture |
Electromagnetic waves heat Surface colour |
|
What Are The Types Of Energy Transfer |
Heat energy kinetic/movement energy nuclear energy potential energy gravitational energy chemical energy light energy sound energy electrical energy |
|
Lesson Notes Week 1 Heat Transfer |
Heating is all about the transfer of heat |
|
Lesson notes week 1 Heat transfer |
Heat is a measure of ENERGY |
|
Lesson Notes Week 1 Heat transfer |
When a substance is heated, its particles gain energy. |
|
Lesson Notes Week 1 Heat transfer
|
The energy makes the particles in a gas or a liquid move around faster. |
|
Lesson Notes Week 1 Heat transfer
|
The unit of heat energy is the joule (J) |
|
Lesson Notes Week 1 Heat transfer
|
Temperature is a Measure of hotness |
|
Lesson Notes Week 1 Heat transfer
|
Energy tends to flow from hot objects to cooler ones eg warm radiators heat the cold in your room. |
|
Lesson Notes Week 1 Heat transfer
|
The bigger the temperature difference the faster heat is transferred. |
|
Lesson Notes Week 1 Heat transfer
|
If there's a difference in temperature between two places, then energy will flow between them. |
|
Lesson Notes Week 1 Heat transfer
|
3 places you might see water as gas 1) YOUR BREATH 2) STEAM OFF KETTLE 3) CLOUDS |
|
Lesson Notes Week 1 Heat transfer
|
Particles In solid's vibrate but stay in the same place. Particles in Liquids, can flow over each other Particles in gasses, move fast, which means more kinetic energy, and are not in a fixed position |
|
Lesson Notes Week 1 Heat transfer
|
Infrared radiation is energy transfer by electromagnetic waves All objects emit Infrared radiation The hotter an object, the more Infrared Radiation it emits in a given time. The bigger the temp difference between a hotter object and it's surroundings the faster it will lose heat by radiation. Rate of heat transfer by radiation depends on surface colour and texture. Light shiny surfaces reflect more radiation Dark matter surfaces absorb, and emit heat by radiation faster. |
|
Lesson Notes Week 1 Heat transfer
|
|
|
Lesson Notes Week 1 Heat transfer
|
|
|
Lesson Notes Week 1 Heat transfer
|
Convection is the transfer of heat by circulation of a heated fluid (liquid or gas) Convection only takes place in liquids or gases Heating a liquid or gas make's them less dense so it rises and causes circulation |
|
Lesson Notes Week 2 Condensation and Evaporation
|
********* |
|
Lesson Notes Week 2 Condensation and Evaporation
|
************* |
|
Lesson Notes Week 2 Condensation and Evaporation
|
Evaporation Liquid particles with more kinetic energy escape and turn into gases this is evaporation |
|
Lesson Notes Week 2 Condensation and Evaporation
|
Cooling by evaporation In a liquid, all the particles have kinetic energy Some have a bit more than others (there warmer) escape The kinetic energy might overcome their forces of attraction |
|
Lesson Notes Week 2 Condensation and Evaporation
|
Faster moving particles escape the liquid remaining liquid is cooler as the average Kinetic Energy of remaining molecules is decreased. |
|
Lesson Notes Week 2 Condensation and Evaporation
|
Condensation Water vapour molecules hit a cold surface and turn back into a liquid. When warmer gas particles hit a cooler surface they lose Kinetic Energy and become liquid particles |
|
Lesson Notes Week 2 Condensation and Evaporation
|
A liquid EVAPORATES when its molecules escape into the surrounding air. |
|
Lesson Notes Week 3 Specific Heat Capacity, Energy Transfer Efficiency of machines and Sanky Diagrams
|
**Insulation, the lower the U value the better** |
|
Lesson Notes Week 3 Specific Heat Capacity, Energy Transfer Efficiency of machines and Sanky Diagrams
|
The temperature rise of an object depends on 1) The material the object is made from 2) The mass of the substance 3) The amount of energy supplied |
|
Lesson Notes Week 3 Specific Heat Capacity, Energy Transfer Efficiency of machines and Sanky Diagrams
|
Water has a higher heat capacity then stones, sands ect. |
|
Lesson Notes Week 3 Specific Heat Capacity, Energy Transfer Efficiency of machines and Sanky Diagrams
|
no device is 100% efficient and the wasted energy is usually spread out as heat. |
|
Lesson Notes Week 3 Specific Heat Capacity, Energy Transfer Efficiency of machines and Sanky Diagrams
|
** The heat or sound is dispersed until it dissipates. It doesn't disappear.** |
|
Lesson Notes Week 3 Specific Heat Capacity, Energy Transfer Efficiency of machines and Sanky Diagrams
|
Some waste energy can be useful, normally in the form of heat Waste heat energy can sometimes be harnessed. |
|
Lesson Notes Week 3 Specific Heat Capacity, Energy Transfer Efficiency of machines and Sanky Diagrams
|
|
|
Lesson Notes Week 3 Specific Heat Capacity, Energy Transfer Efficiency of machines and Sanky Diagrams
|
|
|
Lesson Notes Week 3 Specific Heat Capacity, Energy Transfer Efficiency of machines and Sanky Diagrams
|
|
|
Lesson Notes Week 4 Energy Change
|
Sanky Diagrams - show the energy efficiency of a steam engine without energy waste. |
|
Additional Notes |
Energy Resources fits into two broad types RENEWABLE and NON-RENEWABLE. |
|
Additional Notes
|
NON RENEWABLE'S are the three fossil fuels and nuclear 1) COAL 2) Oil 3) Natural Gas 4) Nuclear Fuels |
|
Additional Notes
|
Renewable Energy Resources 1) Geothermal 2) Wind 3) Solar 4) Biomass 5) Waves 6) Tides 7) Hydro electric |
|
Lesson Notes Week 5 Electricity
|
What is energy usually measured in (J) kilojules (KJ) |
|
Lesson Notes Week 5 Electricity
|
Power is usually measured in watts (w) or kilowatts (kw) |
|
Lesson Notes Week 5 Electricity
|
Power is the energy per second or how quickly it is supplied |
|
Lesson Notes Week 5 Electricity
|
How much electrical energy is transferred to an appliance depends on How long it is used for The power supplied to |
|
Lesson Notes Week 5 Electricity
|
PAYBACK TIME The payback time of an energy saving solution is a measure of how cost effective it is. |
|
Lesson Notes Week 5 Electricity
|
ELECTROMAGNETIC INDUCTION |
|
Lesson Notes Week 6 Waves |
THREE TYPES Transverse Waves Wave Speed Longitudinal Waves |
|
Lesson Notes Week 6 Waves
|
Waves = Transferring energy from one place to another |
|
Lesson Notes Week 6 Waves
|
Water Waves eg of Transverse Waves In a transverse wave the particles move up and down so the direction of their movement is at right angles to the direction of the wave |
|
Lesson Notes Week 6 Waves
|
|
|
Lesson Notes Week 6 Waves
|
The amplitudes of any wave is the maximum distance a point moves from its rest position |
|
Lesson Notes Week 6 Waves
|
OSCILLOSCOPE is electrical equipment that measures waves. |
|
Lesson Notes Week 6 Waves
|
Frequency of a wave = the number of wave passing any point a second |
|
Lesson Notes Week 6 Waves |
Frequency is measured in hertz (HZ) 1 wave per second |
|
Lesson Notes Week 6 Waves
|
Sound Waves are an eg of Longitudinal waves. |
|
Lesson Notes Week 6 Waves
|
Sound travels as waves made up of vibrating air particles |
|
Lesson Notes Week 6 Waves
|
In a longitudinal wave, the particles vibrate back and forth, so the direction of their movement is parallel to the direction of the wave. |
|
Lesson Notes Week 6 Waves
|
|
|
Lesson Notes Week 6 Waves
|
|
|
Lesson Notes Week 6 Waves
|
P. WAVES the primary waves produced by earthquakes are also longitudinal was which push and pull the earth. |
|
Lesson Notes Week 6 Waves
|
Sound waves are eg of longitudinal waves Sound travels as waves made up of vibrating particles |
|
Lesson Notes Week 7 Absent
|
Electromagnetic radiation can be dangerous |
|
Lesson Notes Week 7 Absent
|
Some Radiations Are More Harmful Than Others When EM radiation enters living tissue it is often harmless, but sometimes it can be dangerous |
|
Lesson Notes Week 7 Absent
|
1) Some EM radiation mostly passes through soft tissue without being absorbed eg radio waves. 2) Other types of radiation are absorbed and cause heating. 3) Some radiations cause cancerous changes in living cells. EG UV can cause skin cancer. 4) Some types of EM radiation can actually destroy cells eg x-rays and gamma rays. |
|
Lesson Notes Week 7 Absent
|
Higher Frequency FM radiation is usually More Dangerous 1) As far as we know, radio waves are pretty harmless. 2) Visible light isn't harmful unless it's really bright. But people who work with powerful lasers need to wear eye protection. 3) Higher Frequency waves have more energy. And it's the energy of a wave that does the damage. 4) Infrared can cause burns or heatstroke (when the body overheats) but they're easily avoidable risks. 5) x-rays have a really high frequency. Gamma rays have higher frequencies still.
|
|
Lesson Notes Week 7 Absent
|
Microwaves may or May Not be Harmful 1) Some microwaves are absorbed by water molecules and heat them up. 2) If the water happens to be in your cells, you might start to cook 3) Mobile phone networks use microwaves. Some people think that using your mobile a lot, or living near a mast, could damage your health. |
|
Lesson Notes Week 7 Absent
|
Ultraviolet can cause skin cancer 1) If you spend a lot of time in the sun, you'll get a tan and maybe sunburn. 2) The more time you spend in the sun, the more chance you also have of getting skin cancer. 3) This is because the suns ray's include ultraviolet radiation (uv) which damages the DNA in your cells. 4) Dark Skin gives some protection against UV rays - it absorbs more UV radiation, stopping it from reaching the more vulnerable tissues deeper in the body. 5) Everyone should protect themselves from overexposure to the sun, but if you're pale skinned, you need to take extra care, and use a sunscreen with a higher sun protection factor |
|
Lesson Notes Week 7 Absent
|
Radio waves and microwaves have fairly long wavelengths, so low frequencies. X-rays are the opposite - they're short wavelength so high frequency. |
|
Lesson Notes Week 7 Absent
|
Radio Waves are used mainly for communications 1) Radio Waves and some microwaves are good at transferring information long distances. 2) This is partly because they don't get absorbed much by the earths atmosphere. 3) To receive the radio waves used for TV and FM radio transmissions, and the microwaves used for mobile phone communications, you must be in direct sight of the transmitter. 4) This is why mobile phone transmitters are positioned on hill tops and fairly close to one another. 5) Signals for satellite TV go through the atmosphere and are absorbed by and re transmitted from satellites.
|
|
Lesson Notes Week 7 Absent
|
Different frequencies behave differently 6) Some Radio waves with slightly shorter wavelengths will bounce off a layer in the atmosphere called the ionosphere. 7) Some radio waves with longer wavelengths will actually bend (diffract) around the surface of the earth. |
|
Lesson Notes Week 7 Absent
|
There are Seven Types of EM Wave 1) Radio Waves 2) Micro Waves 3) Infrared waves 4) Visible light 5) Ultra - Violet 6) X- RAYS 7) Gamma Rays the order of increased frequency and energy |
|
Lesson Notes Week 7 Absent
|
1) EM waves with different wave lengths have different properties 2) We group them into seven basic types 3) They form a continuous spectrum 4) All the different types of EM waves travel at the same speed in a vacuum (eg space)
|
|
Lesson Notes Week 7 Absent
|
Infrared Waves are used in remote controls 1) Infrared waves are used in lots of wireless remote controllers. 2) Remote controls work by emitting different patterns of infrared waves to send to different instructions to an appliance eg a TV. |
|
Lesson Notes Week 7 Absent
|
Visible Light is useful for photography 1) Cameras use a lens to focus visible light onto a light sensitive film or electronic sensor. 2) The lens aperture (opening) controls how much light enters the camera. 3) The shutter speed allows you to control how long the film or sensor is open to light. 4) the longer the film or sensor is open to the light the more light that will enter the camera and react with a film. |
|
Lesson Notes Week 7 Absent
|
The Origin Of The Universe The Universe Seems to be expanding 1) As big as the universe already is, it looks like it is getting even bigger. 2) All it's galaxies seem to be moving away from each other. |
|
Lesson Notes Week 7 Absent
|
Lights from other galaxies is red-shifted 1) When we look at light from distant galaxies we see it at longer wavelengths and lower frequencies then it should be. 2) The light is shifted towards the red end of the electromagnetic spectrum. this is called red-shift. 3) It's the same effect as the vroooom from a racing car - the engine sounds lower pitched when the car's gone past you and is moving away from you. This is called Doppler Effect. |
|
Lesson Notes Week 7 Absent
|
THE DOPPLER EFFECT 1) When something that emits waves moves towards you or away from you, the wavelength and frequencies of the waves seem different compared to when the source of the waves is stationary. 2) The frequency of a source moving towards you will seem higher and its wavelength will seem shorter. 3) The doppler effect happens to both longitudinal waves and transverse waves. |
|
Lesson Notes Week 7 Absent
|
Doppler effect |
|
Lesson Notes Week 7 Absent
|
The Further Away a galaxy is, the Greater the Red-shift 1) Measurements of the red-shift suggest that all the galaxies are moving away from us very quickly. 2) More distant galaxies have greater red-shifts than nearer ones. 3) The more distant galaxies are moving away from us faster than the nearer ones. 4) This is the evidence that the whole universe is expanding. |
|
Lesson Notes Week 7 Absent
|
It all started with a very Big Bang (Probably) 1) if distant galaxies are moving away from us then something must have got them going. 2) That something was probably a big explosion so they called it the big bang 3) According to the big bang theory, all the matter and energy in the universe must have been packed into a very small space. 4) Then it exploded from that single point and started expanding. 5) The expansion is still going on. |
|
Lesson Notes Week 7 Absent
|
There's Microwave Radiation coming from all Directions 1) Scientists have detected low frequency electromagnetic radiation coming from all parts of the universe. 2) This Radiation is largely in the microwave part of the EM spectrum. 3) It's known as the cosmic microwave background radiation 4) The Big Bang Theory is the only theory that can explain the Cosmic microwave background radiation 5) The cosmic microwave background radiation that was around shortly after the beginning of the universe. |
|
Lesson Notes Week 7 Absent
|
The Big Bang Theory Has Its Limitations 1) The Big Bang Theory predicts that the universe expansions should be slowing down but as far as we can tell its actually speeding up. 2) It also does not explain what actually caused the explosion in the first place. |
|
Lesson Notes Week 7 Absent
|
Depending on how much mass there is in the universe, they are two ways it could go. A Big Crunch - if there's enough mass the universe will eventually stop expanding and then begin contracting. That would end in a big crunch. cold lonely oblivion - If there's too little mass in the universe to stop the expansion, it could expand forever with the universe becoming more and more spread out into eternity. |