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28 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
- 3rd side (hint)
Chemical changes refer to... |
rearrangement of atoms to form new substances. |
— sometimes referred to as chemical reactions |
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Properties of a substance which are observed through reactions are called ____. |
chemical properties |
(like toxicity, corrosiveness, flammability, or combustion) |
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How a substance interact "negatively" with biological systems? |
Toxicity |
a chemical property |
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How a substance reacts with another substance to change it to another less desirable substance? |
Corrosiveness |
a chemical property |
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____ refers to changing the arrangement of molecules or ions in space without changing the identity of the substances. |
Physical changes |
(like their packing density from a Crystal solid to an amorphous liquid) |
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Number of atoms in the reactants = |
Number of atoms of product |
same |
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Strategy to balance equations: |
1. Balance elements bound to other elements (complex compounds)
2. Balance "free" elements [e.g. (O₂) or (Al) ] |
2 steps |
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How do you change from moles to grams and vice versa? |
Using molar mass |
g/mol |
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Mass of (A) to mass of (B) by... |
1) BALANCED equation
2) convert mass (A) to moles (A)
3) use BALANCED equation to covert moles (A) to moles (B)
4) convert moles (B) to mass (B) |
1) — 2) g (A) x (mol (A)/g (A)) I.e. "divide by molar mass" 3) if 7.2 mol C₆ H₁₄ then x by (19 mol O₂ / 2 mol C₆ H₁₄ ) 4) mol (B) x (g (B)/mol (B)) I.e. "multiply by molar mass" |
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The reactant that is "used up" first is the ____. |
limiting reactant |
two words |
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The smallest number of product based on available reactants indicates both the ____ and ____. |
limiting reactant; theoretical yield |
Pizza |
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The ____ (or ____) is the reactant that is completely consumed in a chemical reaction and limits the amount of product. |
limiting reactant; limiting reagent |
Definition |
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The ____ is any reactant that occurs in a quantity greater than is required to completely react with the limited reactant. |
reactant in excess |
more than needed |
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The ____ is the amount of product that can be made in a chemical reaction based on the amount of limiting reactant. |
theoretical yield |
Definition |
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The ____ is the amount of product actually produced by a chemical reaction. |
actual yield |
Definition |
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The percent yield is ____. |
. actual yield ———————— X 100% . theoretical yield |
an equation |
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To determine the limited reactant: |
1) use BALANCED equation
2) calculate a theoretical yield for each reactant
3) the reactant with the smallest yield is the limiting reactant
(the smallest yield is also the correct theoretical yield for the reaction of given conditions) |
3 steps |
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How to find the amount left over of an excess when given the amounts of reactants? |
Use theoretical yield of product X (# mol of excess/ # mol product) |
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Homogeneous mixture is called a ____ . |
solution |
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The major component of a solution is the ____ . |
solvent |
V in Vat as in V in ____ |
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The minor component(s) of a solution is(are) the ____ . |
solutes |
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In an aqueous solution, ____ is the solvent. |
water |
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Instead of using qualitative terms like "concentrated" or "dilute", the amount of solute that is dissolved in a given solvent can be calculated as ____ . |
molarity (M) |
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Molarity (M) = |
amount of solute (in moles) ————————————— volume of solution (in Liters) |
An inherent conversion factor
Also mmols/mL As in Mols/1000 L/1000 |
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Dilution : |
M ₁ V ₁ = M ₂ V ₂ |
M ₁ is the concentration of the first solution V ₁ is the volume removed from the first solution M ₁ V ₁ = Mols of solute "removed" M ₂ is the concentration of the 2nd (diluted) solution V ₂ is the total final vol of 2nd solution M ₂ V ₂ = Mols of solute "added" to second solution |
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Electrolyte |
a substance that produces an electrically conducting solution when dissolved in a polar solvent, such as water;
Separates into cations and anions, which disperse uniformly through the solvent |
Definition |
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Soluble |
1. Most nitrate (NO₃⁻⁻) salts 2. Most salts containing the alkali metal ions (Li ⁺, Na ⁺, K ⁺, Cs ⁺, Rb ⁺) and ammonium ion (NH₄⁺) 3. Most chloride, bromide, & iodide (except those w/ Ag⁺, Pb⁺, & Hg ₂⁺ ) 4. Most sulfate salts |
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Soluble |
1. Most nitrate (NO₃⁻⁻) salts 2. Most salts containing the alkali metal ions (Li ⁺, Na ⁺, K ⁺, Cs ⁺, Rb ⁺) and ammonium ion (NH₄⁺) 3. Most chloride, bromide, & iodide (except those w/ Ag⁺, Pb⁺, & Hg ₂⁺ ) 4. Most sulfate salts |
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