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63 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
sex
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biological, physiological traits distinguishing males from females; biological influence
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gender
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psychological, social traits distinguishing males from females; social influence
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gender identity
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an individual's experience of him/herself as masculine or feminine
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sexual orientation
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sexual preferences of a person for an intimate partner
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gender roles
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social functions that society sees as suitable for a masculine vs. feminine individual
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discrepancy strain
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results when one fails to live up to one's internalized ideal of manhood; can produce gender role conflict; associated with reduced relationship intimacy and satisfaction
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dysfunction strain
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results even when one fulfills the requirements of the male code; commitment to work at expense of marriage/family; reduced romantic relationship satisfaction
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trauma strain
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strain resulting from the process of being socialized as male; applies to certain groups of men whose experiences with gender role strain are thought to be particularly harsh; ex. athletes, war veteran, survivors of child abuse, gay and bisexual men
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pro-feminist men's movement
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desire to eliminate all gender stereotypes, gender inequalities, and gender-related violence; attempt to make men aware of sexism directed toward themselves and women and to reduce it
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mythopoetic men's movement
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argue that modern men must develop a new vision of masculinity and achieve spiritual healing; high SES members
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religious men's movement
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men should take back traditional roles such as head of the household; backlash against egalitarianism
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men's rights men's movement
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men - not women - are the real victims of sexism, socially and legally; major goal is to fight against feminism
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self-disclosure
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act of revealing personal information to others; one of the defining characteristics of intimacy
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idioms
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when a couple has developed their codewords, inside jokes, etc.
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social penetration theory
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if small talk about superficial topics is rewarding, you increase in breadth and depth of topics
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de-penetration
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you stop sharing information and have more superficial conversations; when relationship is failing
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empathetic accuracy
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the ability to correctly infer another person's thoughts and emotions; what matters is accuracy, not amount of empathy
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kernel of truth theory
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exaggerated, but real, differences; we have a set of beliefs because there are actual differences between men and women; stereotypes exaggerate these differences
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adaptive categorization theory
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survival of the fittest; good to make fast decisions because we have limited cognitive resources; stereotypes are the brain's shortcuts so you can process through life a lot quicker; so we typically group people based on obvious characteristics
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ingroup vs. outgroup theory
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when physical resources are limited, we support peopel in our ingroups; we prefer to be around our ingroups; our ingroup has people who are similar to us, have similar characteristics, and we have a positive bias
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social identity theory
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everyone wants to feel good about themselves so to achieve this, we think our groups are better than others; put down the outgroups as much as possible
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social role theory
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there is a division of labor/home duties between men and women; we expect men/women to behave according to these roles
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subtyping
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we recognize smaller "types" of men and women that have their own set of traits; make small groups but still keep the rule
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agency (agentic)
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focus on self promotion and achievement; independent, assertive, dominant, competitive
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community (communal)
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focus on others and community; nice, compassionate, kind, nurturing
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androgynous
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high femininity and masculinity
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undifferentiated
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low femininity and masculinity
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feminine
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high femininity and low masculinity
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masculine
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high masculinity and low femininity
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Bem's theory
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Bem argues that androgyny allows for the best of both worlds; allows for flexibility when needed, depending on situation; eliminates traditional stereotypes and limiting roles for men and women
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old fashioned sexism
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openly see sexes as very different from each other; not seen so much today; endorse traditional gender roles, different treatment of men/women, believe women are less competent in academic/business settings
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modern sexism
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denial of discrimination against women; antagonism toward women's political/social demands; resentment of "special favors" like affirmative action
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neosexism
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individual feels conflict between egalitarian values and negative feelings about women; believe society is better off with men in charge; maintaining status quo is best for everyone
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ambivalent sexism
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different types of women are evaluated differently; women and men should occupy certain roles because that is the way the universe is set up and should be
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hostile sexism
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based on patriarchy and gender differentiation that exaggerate the differences between men and women and justifying the superiority of the dominant group
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benevolent sexism
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based on men's dependence on women for intimacy, sexual reproduction, and gender differentiated social roles; reflects positive feelings towards women
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narrative review method of studying
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read many articles, summarize them; problems: can't quantify findings, author might be biased
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box-score approach to research
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examine many articles, tally results; more objective, fairly precise
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meta-analysis method
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most popular; statistically combines results across all the studies included; can help identify moderators; directly gets at reliability, objective, tells if there is a difference and how large
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stereotype threat
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apprehension experienced by members of a stigmatized group that their behavior may confirm a stereotype; apprehension leads to anxiety and distraction which causes reduced performance on task
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gender typing
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acquisition of preferences, skills, personality traits, behaviors, and self-concepts that each culture considers gender appropriate
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attraction
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we are attracted to those whose presence is rewarding to us; we like being around people who make us feel good
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marketplace theory
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women more likely to value status in a mate, men more likely to value attractiveness; attractive women are more likely to marry financially/professionally successful men
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misattribution of arousal
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individuals can overlook the other influences that exist and misattribute the source of their arousal to the presence of another person; cognitive mistake, incorrectly identifying the source of arousal
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comparison level (CL)
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varies among individuals; perception of rewards/costs you deserve in a relationship; a ratio of how well vs. how poorly you expect to be treated
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reward
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anything positive/pleasurable about a relationship
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cost
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anything negative/undesirable about relationships
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conflict
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when one person's wishes or actions obstruct/impede those of someone else
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dialectics
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opposing forces within person that cause tensions
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fatal attractions
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idea that sometimes people are attracted to people that are different than they are; the thing that initially attracts will be the relationship undoing
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mate poaching
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behavior intended to attract someone who is already in a romantic relationship
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poachers
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people who steal significant others; self describe as mean, unreliable, adulterous, and erotophilic
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poached
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people who are stolen; high on extraversion and openness; people that have had people attempt to steal them self described as sexy, adulterous, loving; people who went along with poaching self described as mean, unreliable, neurotic, adulterous, masucline, erotophilic, and unloving
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self-enhancement
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showing how much better you are than the current partner; suggesting that you have a higher CLalt
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loyalty
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positive and passive; optimistically waiting for improvement
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voice
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positive and active; trying to improve conditions
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exit
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negative and active; harming or terminating the relationship
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neglect
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negative and passive; allowing conditions to deteriorate
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accommodative behavior
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responding constructively rather than destructively to a partner's negative behaviors; overriding impulse to strike back
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romantic ideologies
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prescriptive cultural scripts that dictate how love should unfold and be enacted; scripts are highly gendered; linchpin for benevolent sexism
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sexual gatekeepers
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women are the ones who decide when and where sex will happen
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sexual economics
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sex is a female resource that is exchanged for other goods (love, commitment, affection); power that declines with age and varies as a function of the market value
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sexual double standard for women
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women are expected to be sexy but don't have the same permission to be sexual; women with multiple partners tend to be vilified (sluts) whereas men are lauded (studs)
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