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19 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
What is DNA? |
The hereditary material found in the nucleus |
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What are the four bases in DNA |
Adenine Thymine Guanine Cytosine |
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Explain the structure of the DNA |
Each base is attached to a sugar and phosphate group. A base, sugar and phosphate is called a nucleotide. Nucleotides are arranged in 2 long strands that form a spiral called a double helix |
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Define a nucleotide |
Organic molecules that serve as the monomers or sub-units of nucleus acids like DNA or RNA |
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Define codon |
A sequence of 3 dna or rna nucleotides that corresponds with a specific amino acid or stop signal during protein synthesis |
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What does redundancy mean? |
The genetic code has redundancy due to the fact that 2 or more codons can specify the same amino acid. Therefore - more codons than amino acids in any given translation, so some codons will be redundant |
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What are proteins made out of? |
Amino acids |
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Where do we get amino acids from? |
Our food |
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What are the 3 structures that all proteins have? |
1) carbon with a hydrogen group 'carbon alpha' 2) Nitrogen with 2 hydrogens attached 3)carboxyl group |
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What is the only thing that changes from protein to protein? |
The R group |
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Define protein synthesis. |
Individual cells build their specific proteins |
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Transcription define |
The transcription of the code for a polypeptide from the DNA is the nucleus and carries it to the ribosomes/ cytoplasm so the original DNA doesn't get damaged leaving the nucleus |
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Step 1 of transcription |
RNA polymerase unzips the DNA strand - exposing the gene/bases/nucleotides |
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Step two of transcription |
Free nucleotides are matched to the exposed bases in the translate strand using the base pairing rule (U-A, G-C). Transcription forms a single mRNA strand with groups of 3 bases (codons) that code for the amino acids. |
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Step three of transcription |
Transcription is complete when mRNA detaches and moves out of the nucleus into the cytoplasm and attaches to a ribosome in preparation for translation. |
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Translation define |
To use mRNA to make a polypeptide |
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Step 1 of translation |
Ribosomes move along the mRNA from the start codon until the stop codon is reached |
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Step 2 of translation |
Each sequence of 3 bases (codon) on the mRNA is read by the ribosome and matched to the complementary unpaired 3 base sequence (anti-codon) on the trna |
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Step 3 of translation |
The specific amino acid attached to to tRNA is then added (peptide bond forms) to the polypeptide chain being made |