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105 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
A vascular plant consists of:
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Root system and Shoot system
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The Root system in the vascular plants...
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Anchors the plant, used to absorb water and minerals
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The Shoot System consists of...
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supporting stems, photosynthetic leaves and reproductive flowers.
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Each systems has an_____ that extends growth
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apex
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Plants cell walls consist of _____
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Cellulose
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____ cell wall: All cells have; with cellulose fibers parallel to microtubules
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Primary
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_____cell wall: In some cells, additional layers of cellulose and lignin; gives mechanical strength to wall
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Secondary
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Plant Organization: Roots, shoots and leaves contain three basic tissue systems:
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Dermal Tissue, Ground Tissue, Vascular Tissue
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Dermal tissue
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For protection: Wax and bark
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Ground tissue
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For storage, photosynthesis and secretion
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Vascular tissue
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For conduction: Xylem – Water and dissolved minerals and Phloem – Nutrient-containing solution
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Plant Organization: _____ are clumps of small cells with dense _____ and _____. They act as stem cells do in _____. One cell divides producing a _____ cell and another that remains _____.
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Meristems, cytoplasm and large nuclei, animals, differentiating, meristematic
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Plant Organization: _____meristems are located at the tips of stems and roots. It Give rise to _____ tissues which are collectively called the_____ plant body
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Apical, primary, primary
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Three primary meristems:
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1). Protoderm = Epidermis
2). Procambium = 1o vascular tissue 3). Ground meristem = Ground tissue |
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Plant Organization: _____ meristems are found in plants that exhibit secondary growth. Give rise to _____ tissues which are collectively called the_____ plant body
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Lateral, secondary, secondary
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Lateral Meristem: Woody plants have two types:
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1). Cork cambium = Outer bark
2). Vascular cambium = 2o vascular tissue |
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Dermal Tissue: Forms the_____, which is usually ____ cell layer thick
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epidermis, one
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Dermal Tissue: Covered with a _____ constituting the _____
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fatty cutin layer, cuticle
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Dermal Tissue: Contains special cells, including _____, _____ and ____
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guard cells, trichomes and root hairs.
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_____ are paired sausage-shaped cells. Flank a _____, which is the passageway for______ and _____
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Guard cells, stoma, oxygen and carbon dioxide
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Guard cell formation is the result of an______ cell division that produces: A_____ cell and A_____ cell
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asymmetrical, guard cell and subsidiary cell
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A subsidiary cell aids in what?
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Aids in stoma opening and closing
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______are tubular extensions of individual epidermal cells
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Roots hairs
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Greatly increase the root’s surface area and efficiency of absorption
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Root Hair
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Dermal Tissue: ______ are cellular or multicellular hairlike outgrowths of the epidermis
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Trichomes
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Trichomes keep leaf surfaces ______ and _____ evaporation by covering ______ openings
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cool and reduce, stomatal
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Some are _____, secreting substances that deter herbivory
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glandular
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Trichome patterning is under ______
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genetic control
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Ground Tissue: Consist of three types of cells....
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Parenchyma, Collenchyma, Sclerenchyma
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Parenchyma cells are the most common type of plant cell. May live for many years, ______ in storage, _____ and _____. Some contain
chloroplasts and are called ______. |
functioning, photosynthesis and secretion. chlorenchyma
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Collenchyma cells provide_____ for _____, allowing _____ but not _____. Have living _____ and may live for many years
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support, plant organs, bending, breaking, protoplasts
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Sclerenchyma cells have tough thick walls. _____ at maturity. Two general types _____: Long, slender cells that are usually in strands and _____: Variable
shape; branched; may occur singly or in groups. Both _____ tissues. |
Lack living walls, Fibers, Sclereids, strengthen
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Vascular Tissue: Xylem does what? The ____ in xylem: Continuous tubes of dead cylindrical cells arranged end-to-end. The _____ in xylem: Dead cells that taper at the end and overlap one another. Vessels are _____ than tracheids (And conduct water ______)
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Constitutes the main water- and mineral-conducting tissue. Vessels. Tracheids. shorter & wider. more efficiently
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Xylem: Also conducts _____ such as nitrates, and _____ the plant body. Typically includes _____ in horizontal rows called_____. _____ Function in lateral conduction and food storage. Note: The diffusion of water vapor from a plant is termed______
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inorganic ions, supports, parenchyma cells, rays, rays, transpiration
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Phloem does what? Phloem contains two types of elongated cells: _____ cells and ____ tube members. 1st - Living cells that contain clusters of pores called _____ areas or _____ plates. _____-tube members are more specialized, they are Associated with _____ cells
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Constitutes the main food-conducting tissue in vascular plants. sieve, sieve, sieve, sieve, Sieve, companion
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____ have a simpler pattern of
organization and development than stems |
Roots
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Roots have Four regions are recognized:
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Root cap, Zone of cell division, Zone of elongation, and Zone of maturation
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_____: Contains two types of cells that are formed continuously by the root apical meristem. The two are ____: Inner and _____ cells: Outer and lateral. Their Functions mainly in ____ of the delicate tissues behind it. Also in the perception of _____.
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Root cap, Columella cells, Root cap, protection, gravity
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In Zone of elongation...
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Roots lengthen because cells become several times longer than wide. No further increase occurs above this zone
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In Zone of maturation...
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The elongated cells become differentiated into specific cell types.
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Zone of Maturation: _____ cells: Have very ____, Include _____ and _____ cells
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Epidermal, thin cuticle, root hair and nonhair
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Zone of Maturation: _____: Interior to the epidermis, ______ cells used for storage.
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Cortex, Parenchyma
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Zone of maturation: ______: Single-layered cylinder Impregnated with bands of_____ (=waxy substance) called the ______.
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Endodermis, suberin, Casparian strips, Stele, Pericycle, lateral
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Zone of cell division...Derived from rapid divisions of the root _____. ______ cells divide very infrequently. _____ daughter cells soon subdivide into the three_____ tissues.
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Contains mostly cuboidal cells, with small vacuoles and large central nuclei. apical meristem. Quiescent center. Apical meristem. primary
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Most plants produce either/or:
______: Single large root with small branch roots. ______: Many small roots of similar diameter. |
Taproot system, Fibrous root system
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Some plants, however, produce _____ with specific functions
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modified roots
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______ arise from any place other than the plant’s root
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Adventitious roots
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Prop roots:
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Keep the plant upright
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Aerial roots:
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Obtain water from the air
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Pneumatophores roots:
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Facilitate oxygen uptake
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Buttress roots:
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Provide considerable stability
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Water storage roots:
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Weigh 50 or more kg
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Food storage roots:
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Store carbohydrates
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Parasitic roots:
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Penetrate host plants
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Contractile roots:
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Pull plant deeper into soil
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Like roots, stems contain the three types of plant tissue. Also undergo growth from cell division in____ and_____ stems. Shoot _____ initiates stem tissue and intermittently produces _____. Develop into leaves, other shoots and even flowers.
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apical and lateral, apical meristem, primordia
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Leaves may be arranged in one of three ways
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Opposite, Alternative, and Whorl
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Leaf: The spiral (____) arrangement is the most common. Sequential leaves tend to be placed 137.5o apart. This is termed_____. May optimize the exposure of leaves to the sun.
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alternate, phyllotaxy
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External Stem Structure: Node =
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Point of attachment of leaf to stem
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External Stem Structure: Internode =
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Area of stem between two nodes
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External Stem Structure: Blade =
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Flattened part of leaf
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External Stem Structure: Axil =
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Angle between petiole/blade and stem
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External Stem Structure: Petiole =
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Stalk of leaf
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External Stem Structure: Axillary bud =
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Can develop into branches with leaves or flowers, as needed.
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External Stem Structure: Terminal bud =
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Extends the shoot system during the growing season
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Internal Stem Structure: _____ vascular tissue is arranged in a ring with internal ground tissue (pith) and external ground tissue (cortex). _____ vascular bundles are usually scattered throughout ground tissue system
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Eudicot and Monocot
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Vascular tissue arrangement is directly related to the stem’s ability for _____.
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secondary growth
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In _____, there a ______ develops between the_____ xylem and phloem and connects the ring of_____ vascular bundles
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eudicots, vascular cambium, primary, primary
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In monocots, there is no ______, therefore, no _____.
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vascular cambium, secondary growth
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Rings in the stump of a tree reveal annual patterns of ______. Cell size depends on _____. In woody eudicots and_____, the _____ in the outer cortex. Produces boxlike cork cells on outside and _____ cells on inside. Collectively called the _____.
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vascular cambium growth, growth conditions, gymnosperms, cork cambium arises, parenchyma-like phelloderm, periderm
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Internal Stem Structure: _____ cells get _____ with ____ shortly after they are formed. They then die and constitute the outer bark.
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Cork tissue, impregnated, suberin
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Internal Stem Structure: The _____ also produces unsuberized cells called_____. Permit gas exchange to continue
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cork cambium, lenticels
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Modified Stems: Bulbs =
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Swollen underground stems, consisting of fleshy leaves
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Modified Stems: Corms =
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Superficially resemble bulbs, but have no fleshy leaves
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Modified Stems: Runners and stolons =
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Horizontal stems with long internodes that grow along the surface of the ground
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Modified Stems: Rhizomes =
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Horizontal underground stems, with adventitious roots
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Modified Stems: Tubers =
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Swollen tips of rhizomes that contain carbohydrates supports and aid in climbing
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Modified Stems: Tendrils =
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Twine around supports and aid in climbing
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Modified Stems: Cladophylls =
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Flattened photosynthetic stems resembling leaves
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Leaves are the main site of_____. They are determinate structures whose ____ stops at maturity
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photosynthesis. growth
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Megaphylls =
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Have several to many veins
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Microphyll = ____. AlsoFound mainly in the phylum _____
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Have one vein which does not extend the full length of the leaf. Lycophyta
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Exist in two morphologies
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Megaphylls and Microphylls
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Leaves: The _____ of the leaf blade reflects a shift from____ to dorsal-ventral symmetry. It_____ the photosynthetic surface
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flattening, radial, increases
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Leaves: Veins consist of both _____ and_____ and are distributed throughout the leaf blades
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Xylem and Phloem
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Leaves: In monocot leaves has...Eudicot leaves has...
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Monocot leaves have parallel veins. Eudicot leaves have netted or reticulate veins
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Leaf blades come in a variety of forms (4)
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Simple leaves, Compound leaves, Pinnate, and Palmate = Leaflets
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Simple leaves...
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contain undivided blades, May have teeth, indentations or lobes
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Compound leaves have...
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blades that are divided into leaflets
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Pinnate = Leaflets....
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in pairs along an axis
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Palmate = Leaflets...
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radiate out from a common point
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Leaf: The leaf’s surface is covered by transparent _____ cells, most having no_____
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epidermal, chloroplasts
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Leaf: ____ has a waxy ______. The lower _____ contains numerous mouth-shaped stomata flanked by guard cells
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Epidermis, cuticle, epidermis
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Leaf: The_____ is the tissue between the upper and lower epidermis
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mesophyll
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Leaf: Most eudicot leaves have two types
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Palisade mesophyll and Spongy mesophyll
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Palisade mesophyll =
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Usually two rows of tightly packed chlorenchyma cells
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Spongy mesophyll =
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Loosely arranged cells with many air spaces in between
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Monocot leaves;_____ is usually not differentiated into _____ layers
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mesophyll, palisade/spongy
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Modified Leaves: Floral leaves (bracts) =
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Surround true flowers and behave as showy petals
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Modified Leaves: Spines =
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Reduce water loss and may deter predators
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Modified Leaves: Reproductive leaves =
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Plantlets capable of growing independently into full-sized plant
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Modified Leaves: Window leaves =
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Succulent, cone-shaped leaves that allow photosynthesis underground
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Modified Leaves: Shade leaves =
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Larger in surface area but with less mesophyll than sun-lit leaves
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Modified Leaves: Insectivorous leaves =
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Trap insects
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Three insectivorous leaves are/ functions
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Pitcher plants have cone-shaped leaves that accumulate rainwater. Sundews have glands that secrete sticky mucilage. Venus flytrap have hinged leaves that snap shut
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