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30 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Memory
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An active system that receives information from the senses, puts that information into a usable form, and organizes it as it stores it away, and then retrieves the information from storage.
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Encoding
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Putting sensory information into a form that the brain can use.
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Storage
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Holding on to information for some period of time.
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Retrieval
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Getting information that is in storage into a form that can be used.
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Information Processing Model
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Focuses on the way through which information is processed or handled, similar to the way a computer handles information. Is the dominant model.
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Information Processing Model (3 Parts)
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1. Sensory Memory - Vision (iconic), hearing (echonic), eidetic imagery (the ability to access a visual memory for 30 seconds or more)
2. Short-Term Memory - Information held while it is conscious and being used. Can be lost through decay or interference of new info that pushes other info out. 3. Long-Term Memory - System into which info is placed to be kept more or less permanently. |
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Working Memory
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Active system that processes info present in short term memory.
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Chunking
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To put smaller segments of a larger one together.
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Pre-Verbal
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No language.
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Levels-of-Processing Model
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Model of memory that assumes information that is more "deeply processed" or processed according to its meaning rather than just the sound or physical characteristics of the word or words, will be remembered more efficiently for a longer period of time.
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Parallel Distributed Processing Model
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A model of memory in which memory processes are proposed to take place at the same time over a large network of neural connections.
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Selective Attention
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The ability to focus on only one stimulus from among all sensory input.
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Working Memory
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An active system that processes the information in short-term memory.
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Maintenance Rehearsal
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Repeating info over and over so you don't lose it.
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Retrieval Cue
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A stimulus for remembering.
Encoding Specificity - Environment State Dependent Learning - Emotion |
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Recall
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Information must be pulled from memory with very few external cues (ex. essay testing)
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Recognition
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Match a piece of information or a stimulus to a stored image or fact. Answer needs to be recognized. (Multiple choice test)
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Serial Position Effect
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Remember first or last thing on a list.
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Elizabeth Loftus
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Eye witness memories; when people see and hear info after the fact, it change your perception and testimony of what you really saw happen.
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False Positive
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When someone recognizes a piece of information as a memory, even if it didn't occur.
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Misinformation Effect
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The tendency of misleading information presented after an event to alter the memories of the event itself. (Elizabeth Loftus)
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Hindsight Bias
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Falsely believe they would have accurately predicted an outcome.
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False Memory Syndrome
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Interpret a false event as a true memory.
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Curve of Forgetting
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Forgetting is rather fast with in an hour of learning something as it gradually tapers off.
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Reasons for Forgetting
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1. Encoding Failure (Didn't get it in the first place.)
2. Decay or disuse 3. Proactive interference (Can't get new stuff because old stuff is interfering) 4. Retroactive interference (Can't access old stuff because new stuff is getting in the way) |
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Case of Mr. H.M.
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Had part of his brain (hippocampus, memory) removed because having epileptic seizures. Trouble with memory.
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Mr. S
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Couldn't forget anything. Got memory out of his mind by writing them down and burning the paper.
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Amnesia
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Can't retrieve memories from the past.
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Retrograde Amnesia
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Loss of memory from the point of some injury or trauma backwards; lost of past memory.
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Anteretrograde Amnesia
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Unable to form a memory from point of injury forward, but can remember past.
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