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35 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
compare DNA vs Protein
-length -amt of info -ability to replicate -size of str. -stability to make str. -organization -how to deal with info |
-very long (millions)/comparitively short (100s)
-lots of info/less info -can replicate/cannot rep - thin and fragile/ thick globule -less stable to make str./more stable to make -not self org/ self org |
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what is the lang of nucleic acids ? its purpose
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-the lang of nucleic acids is the linear seq of the NT bases
- the purpose of the lang is to be translated into polypeptides (proteins) |
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what are codons
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- triplets of bases that specify all amino acids
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what processes are localized in the nucleus / cytoplasm
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- replication and transcription
- translation occurs in the cytoplasm |
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what two stages does DNA specify the syn of proteins
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transcription and translation
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discuss the life functions proteins
- structural - dynamic - contractile -transport - storage |
- structural- make cells and organelles
- dynamics- catalyze rxn/enyzmes -contractile- muscle and cytoskeleton - transport - red blood cells - storage - in seeds |
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who was the first to propose a relationship between genes and protein productions? what was studied
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- archibald garrod
- studied patients who had defects in their ability to metabolize certain compounds |
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waht was garrod particularly interested in ? how was it characterized?
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-he was interested in alkptonuria- occurs when the body accumulates abnormal levels of homogentistic acid
- characterized by black urine, skin and cartilage |
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FIndings of Garrod exp
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- alkaptonuria was due to missing enzyme -homogentisic acid oxidase
-follow a reccessive pattern of inheritance - disease is an inbro error of metabolism |
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in the 1940, who where the two individuals that displayed interest in the relationship between the genes, enzymes, and traits
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George Beadle and Edward Tatum
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What was beadle and tatum's genetic model; # of trains and what type
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neurospora crassa - common bread mold
- more than 2000, each were irridated to produce mutation |
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Findings
name the vitamins |
-three strains were found without the ability to grow- growth was restored only after a vitamin was added
-vitamins : 1-3 ; pyridoxine, thaimine, and p-aminobenzoic acid |
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How were the normal strain in the beadle and tatum exp syn
- discuss what was found of the mutant strains |
vitamins were synthesized by cellular enzymes
- in mutant strains, it was found that a genetic defect prevented the syn of the protein needed to produce the vitamin |
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beadle and tatum conclusion
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a single gene controlled the syn of a single enzyme
-one gene-one enzyme theory |
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how is the beadle and tatum theory later modified
-what does polypeptide and protein denote |
- enzymes are only on category of proteins
- some proteind are composed of two or more different polypeptides - polypeptide denote structure - protein- denote function |
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identify terms
-marco -monomer -polymer -condensation -hydroylsis |
-monomer; mono= one, mer=part -- basic or single part
-polymer; poly=many; long molecule that is made up of many part -condensation- a rxn that synthesizes the addition of parts -hydrolysis- occur by degradation and digestion to subtract parts |
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discuss fundamental triad and hierarhies
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-subsystems join to make system join to make super systems
-subsubunits join to make subunits which aggregate to make units |
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discuss the three basic structures that make up an amino acid (aa)
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- the monomer of a protein polymer is an amino acid
- basic structure consist 1) start with an amino group 2) end with a carboxyl group 3) have a middle carbon 4) the middle carbon can have one of the 20 different side chainds- each different side chain makes for a difft aa |
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how many possible proteins are known to be on the planet earth
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-20^length of protein
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what are the four levels of the structures in protein
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primary, secondary, tertiary and quaternary
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primary
secondary tertiary quaternary pentary |
-is it amino acid seq
-local shape -total shape -a protein joined with other proteins - joined together complex |
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protein primary structure
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- may range from 250-300 aa long (polypeptides)
- at first forms random coils which change due to the binding of h -bonds with other aa - creates two types of next level structure |
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what dictates the progression from primary to 3d structure
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- the aa seq within the polypeptide chain
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how do proteins make a link together
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- the amino acids line up from tail to head - carboxtl grp is near the amino group of the next aa-- enzyme peptidyl transferase -causes the condensation rxn , a dehydration type which releases water made from side chain of the tail and head
-a new covalent bond of two aa makes a dipeptide - more additions make tri, tetra, oligo- peptides |
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why is the primary structure strictly controlled
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-the coding for the seq is crucial- changes to key aa sites may lead to genetic diseases
- an example is sickle cell amenia which occur due to one change in the alpha chain |
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protein secondary structure
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-alpha helices and beta ribbons
- alpha helices- 3.5 aa downstream -beta ribbons- have aa's a longer distance away; make two parts line up next to each other -can be parallel and anti parallel - |
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protein tertiary structure
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-disulfide bonds or ionic assoc due to left over aa charges - results in random coil with mixed in secondary struct. that fold into 3D struct
- 3D struct. depends on aa sequence |
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hydrophobic
hydrophilic |
-hate water- fold inside
-love water- face surface |
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quaternary struct
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-some functions require two or more proteins
- 4th level struct. change over time |
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denaturation
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- occurs when structure changes and function cannot occur
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nonpolar and charger aa are
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hydrophilic
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what are two types of secondary structures; how are they stabilized
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-alpha helix
-beta sheet -stabilized by h bonds |
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tertiary structures
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-still composed of one polypeptide-- made up of short regions of secondary structure
- 3D |
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quaternary
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-made up of two or more polypeptides
-form when polypeptides combine to make a functional protein |
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what relies on the Genetic code
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- the NT lang of mRNA is translated into the amino acid language of proteins
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