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119 Cards in this Set
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What is alkaptonuria? |
A recessive mutation in homogentisic acid-1,2 deoxygenate gene. Mapped to chromosome 3 It was the 1st evidence of specific relationship between 3 other diseases. |
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What is the one-Gene-one-enzyme hypothesis? |
H |
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True or false a person with two X chromosomes is the homogametic sex |
True |
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True or false meiosis involves two divisions of the nucleus, but only one duplication of chromosomes. |
True. |
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t or f,The X chromosome inherited from the father is always inactivated |
False |
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T or f, x-linked traits or sex-linked Express in females but not males |
False |
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T or f, expression of genes in an organism cannot be influenced by the environment |
False |
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What form of genetics is the study of heredity of traits that can be measured |
Quantitative genetics |
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What is the appearance of traits expressed by genes in association with environmental influence |
Phenotype |
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How many Barr bodies would the cells obtained from a normal man contain |
0 |
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Extranuclear inheritance refers to genes located in the what |
The chloroplasts and the mitochondria |
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Crossing over or recombination most frequently occurs during what |
Prophase 1 of meiosis |
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What are the energy-producing organelles that contain DNA in eukaryotic cells |
The mitochondria. |
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How many daughters of affected males would be affected through x-linked dominant traits |
All |
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What is the key Gene in sex determination |
Do testis determining factor Gene this would also be known as the sry gene |
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What happens in codominance |
Where Products result from both alleles in a heterozygote |
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in the F2 generation how many genotypic classes are possible from a dihybrid cross of two heterozygous in which two genes involved show complete dominance |
9 |
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Describe three things that happened in the inheritance of a dominant trait |
the trait is observed in every generation. Every affected person must have one affected parent. On average half of The offspring of an affected individual or affected. |
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How many haploid cell products are produced at the conclusion of meiosis |
4 |
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In the cell cycle DNA and chromosome replication occurs during which phase? |
S stage |
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in a test cross between an individual with an unknown genotype that exhibits the dominant phenotype and a known homozygous recessive individual, the progeny shown a 1:1 dominant to recessive phenotypic ratio. The genotype of the unknown genotype is what? |
Heterozygous |
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What principle states that two members of a gene pair separate during the formation of gametes |
The principle of segregation |
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Chromosomes are made up of blank complexed with blank |
DNA, protein |
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Blank is the division of cytoplasm, compartmentalizes two nuclei, and completes mitosis and cell division |
Cytokinesis |
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Blank is the process by which a gene produces its product and the product carries out its function |
Gene expression |
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Male chickens are the blank sex |
Homogametic. |
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Blank is an interaction between two or more different Gene pairs |
Epistasis. |
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Describe the central dogma flow chart |
DNA goes through transcription to make mRNA rrna and TRNA which all turn to ribosomes which then goes to translation and turns to proteins |
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Describe codominance and incomplete dominance include an example of each |
incomplete dominance is where the dominant trait is partially expressed. The result is a mixture of the two traits and example of this is when you cross breed a white Snapdragon and a red Snapdragon so you get pink offspring. Codominance is when there is a mixture of dominant traits no one overpowers the other the result is both traits are expressed at the same time. An example of this would be in Shorthorn cattle. Breeding a red parent with a homozygous white parent and ending up with a roan-colored calf |
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Describe X inactivation. Why is X inactivation so important? What are Barr bodies and how do they function? |
X inactivation is what happens in females to stop some jeans from expressing themselves so that females express the same amount of genes as males who only have one X chromosome. Our bodies are condensed sections of chromosomes that stop certain genes from expressing so that females do not express a jumbled mess of jeans all at once. These Barr bodies are randomly placed and vary from cell to cell |
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T or f. Pleiotropy is the phenomenon of a single Gene affecting multiple traits |
True |
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T or f. The mitochondrial genome has a higher rate of mutations |
True |
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T or f. Essential genes are genes that are indispensable to support cellular life |
True |
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T or f. In prokaryotic chromosomes, there are minor chromosomes called plasmids which are not necessary for survival |
True |
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T or f. A nucleosome is DNA found around a histone |
True |
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What are autosomal traits that appear only in one gender |
Sex limited |
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a person who is known to have a particular genotype does not show the phenotype specified by the gene this is an example of what |
Incomplete penetrance |
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During replication, the direction of synthesis of new DNA from the leading and lagging strands is what |
5' to 3' only |
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What is a replication bubble? |
It locally denatured segment of DNA where replication originates |
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As helicase unwinds the DNA molecule, what keeps the strand apart? |
Single strand binding proteins |
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What is an allele that results in the death of an organism |
A lethal allele |
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What term is used to express the degree to which a penetrant gene or genotype is phenotypically expressed in an individual |
Expressivity |
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Where is mitochondrial DNA inherited from |
The mother |
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Cells of affected individuals have a mixture of mutant and normal mitochondria this condition is known as what |
Heterplasmy |
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What is a Barr body an example of |
Facultative heterochromatin |
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What are nucleosides made up of |
A pentose sugar and a nitrogenous base |
Nucleo"sides" |
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What does antiparallel mean |
The two polynucleotide chains run in opposite directions |
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Which enzyme replaces RNA primers with DNA after elongation |
DNA polymerase 1 |
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The c value is the amount of DNA in a what |
Haploid genome |
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the phenomenon where the phenotype of an individual is established by the maternal nuclear genome, resulting from mRNA or proteins deposited in the oocyte is called what |
Maternal effect |
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Genes encode for 000, many of which are 000 which catalyze the breakdown or synthesis of chemical compounds |
Proteins, enzymes |
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000 is the type of chromatin that contains the genes that will be replicated. Whereas, 000 is the type of chromatin that is transcriptionally inactive |
Euchromatin, heterochromatin |
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000 and 000 develop the DNA double helix model |
Watson and crick |
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000 is an interaction between two or more different Gene pairs |
Epistasis |
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The eukaryote genome is generally 000 whereas the prokaryotic genome is generally 000 and the viral genome can be either |
Linear, circular |
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Define sex limited traits, where they are located, and an example |
These traits are based on the gender of the individual because they are in both genders however only one gender will express it. These traits are found in the Autosomes an example of this would be facial hair in humans, milk production, horns in male sheep |
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Define sex influenced traits, where they are located, and an example |
These are traits that can be found in both sexes but very in the degree at which they are expressed They're found in the Autosomes An example of these would be scurs on cattle |
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Define sex linked traits, where they are found, and an example |
Look it up Sex chromosomes An example would be color blindness or hemophilia |
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discuss the role of telomeres on the chromosome. What type of chromatin are telomeres made of. And how does the role of telomeres relate to DNA replication |
tell me yours have tandem repeats in normal cells that help protect the rest of the coating of the chromosome by repeating those pairs over and over at the very end. This helps because in the replication process, the DNA strand shortens just a bit so these repeats help compensate for that shortening. This shortening happens as we age and is inevitable, however, the telomeres allow us to have some protection against the loss of important coating. They are made of heterochromatin. |
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T or F pleiotropy is the phenomenon of a single gene affecting multiple traits. |
True |
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T or F . The mitochondria genome has a higher rate of mutations |
True |
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Essential genes are genes that are indispensable to support cellular life. |
True |
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T or F. In prokaryotic chromosomes, there are minor chromosomes called plasmids which are not necessary for survival. |
True |
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T or F A nucleosome is DNA bound around a histone |
True |
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What are Autosomes traits that appear only in one gender are? |
Sex limited |
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A persons who is known to have a particular genotype does not show the phenotype specified by the gene. This I an example of what. |
Incomplete penetrance |
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During replication, the direction of synthesis of new DNA from the leading and lagging strands is blank |
5' to 3' only |
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What is a replication bubble |
Politically denatured segment of DNA replication originates |
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As helicase unwinds the DNA molecule, what keeps the strands apart |
Single stranded binding proteins. |
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What is an allele that results in the death of an organism |
Lethal |
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What is the degree to which a penetrant gene or genotype is phenotypically expressed in an individual |
Expressivity |
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Mitochondrial DNA is inherited from what |
The mother |
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Cells of affected individuals have a mixture of meeting and normal mitochondria. This condition is known as what |
Heterplasmy |
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What is the bar body an example of |
Facultative heterochromatin |
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Nucleotides are made up of a 000 and a 000 |
Pentose sugar and a nitrogenous base |
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What does antiparallel mean |
The two polynucleotide chains run in opposite directions |
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Which enzyme replaces on RNA primers with DNA after elongation |
DNA polymerase 1 |
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The C value is the amount of DNA in a 000 |
Haploid genome |
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the phenomenon where the phenotype of an individual is established by the maternal nuclear genome, resulting from mRNA or proteins deposited in the oocytes is called... |
Maternal effect |
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Genes encode for 000, many of which are 000 which catalyze the breakdown or synthesis of chemical compounds |
Proteins, enzymes |
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000 is a type of chromatin that contains the genes that will be replicated. Whereas, 000 is the type of chromatin that is transcriptionally inactive |
Euchromatin , heterochromatin |
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000 and 000 developed the DNA double helix model |
Watson and crick |
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000 is an interaction between two or more different Gene pairs |
Epistasis |
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The eukaryote genome is generally 000 whereas the prokaryote genome is generally 000 and the viral genome can be either |
Linear, circular |
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Explain sex-linked traits, where they are located, and give one example |
A trait where it is in both genders but only one of the genders will express it Found on the Autosome. Facial hair in humans, milk production, horns in male sheep |
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Explain sex influenced traits where they are found and give an example |
Traits that can be found in both sexes but very in the degree at which they are expressed Found in the autosomes. Scurs on cattle |
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Explain sex-linked traits where they are located, and give an example |
Traits that can be passed on an x or y chromosome Found on the sex chromosomes Color blindness or hemophilia |
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What is the role of telomeres, what type of chromatin are telomeres made of, how does the role of telomeres relate to DNA replication |
telomeres have tandem repeats in normal cells that help protect the rest of the coating of the chromosome by repeating those base pairs over and over at the very end this house because in the replication process the DNA strand shortens just a bit so that these repeats help compensate for that shortening. The shortening happens as we age and is another bowl, however, the television allow us to have some protection against the loss of important coding. They're made of heterochromatin |
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Discuss telomeres in normal eukaryotic cells |
in normal eukaryotic cells there are tandem repeats set when cell is finished, it protects the actual coating found in the rest of the chromosome. After each replication those chromosomes get shorter so that is how these tandem repeats protect information by acting as an extra and so that the actual coating is not damaged or lost. However, the chromosomes still get shorter as we age |
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Discuss telomeres in eukaryotic cancer cells |
Cancer cells have telomeres that have a lot of telomerase which continues to repeat the ends of the chromosomes so they do not get shorter. Therefore, do not h. This is why we call them immortal. Doctors can see the amount of telomerase in cancer cells and this is how they know if tumors are malignant or not |
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List the four rules of non mendelian inheritance |
Non mendelian inheritance does not follow mendelian rules because there is no meiosis involved Reciprocal crosses and non mendelian inheritance and in on parental inheritance ( from only one parent) Extranuclear genes do not equal the genes in chromosomes in the nucleus. Non-mendelian inheritance is not affected even if the genome in the nucleus is changed |
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Explain why DNA is more stable than RNA and the importance of the bases in the double helix being bonded by hydrogen bonds |
DNA has an h founded to the two prime carbon of deoxyribose while RNA has an o h group on that carbon of ribose dust making RNA more susceptible to hydrolysis and therefore more unstable is important that the bases in the double helix are bonded by age so that they can be easily broken by helicase during the replication process |
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what type of non mendelian inheritance are callipyge sheep an example of? Discuss the pattern of inheritance and which geno type expresses the Callipyage genotype |
There an example of genomic imprinting. This is where the only one copy of our genes is active whether it be from Mom or Dad in callipyge is only passed on through the side. The genotype that expresses the callipyge Gene phenotype is when there is only a large sea allele that is given from the side and a normal allele given from the dam |
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What is the function of topoisomerase |
It relaxes the DNA by making Little mix that get fixed later on the sets of the strands for separation |
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What is the function of DNA helicase |
Separates the DNA strands by binding to h bonds and breaking them it unzips the DNA |
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What is the function of single stranded DNA binding proteins |
They bury themselves into the new separated strands to keep them separated for the rest of the process |
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What is the function of primase |
This binds with helicase to make RNA primers to tell the polymerase what to do |
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What is the function of DNA polymerase 3 |
It makes the corresponding base pairs by reading primers all y also proofreading and correcting any mistakes |
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What is the function of RNA primers |
Lays the foundation for DNA strands |
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What is the function of okazaki fragments |
They're the fragments of DNA that are made on the liking strand because DNA cannot be made three prime to five prime so the primers that must in code for the DNA backwards in fragments |
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What is the function of DNA polymerase 3 |
Removes RNA primers and replaces them |
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What is the function of ligase |
The enzyme that glues the okazaki fragments back together |
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What is gene expression |
The process by which a gene produces its product and the product carries out its function |
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What is the structure, function, development and reproduction of an organism dependent on |
It depends on the properties of the proteins present in each cell and tissue |
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Describe what a protein is made of |
A protein consists of amino acids where each chain of amino acids is called a polypeptide. The sequence of amino acids is coded for by a gene |
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What two major steps occur during protein synthesis (how we get from a gene code to a protein) |
Transcription and translation |
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What is the central dogma |
The flow of information from DNA to RNA. This was made by Francis Crick |
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Describe transcription and translation |
Transcription is the synthesis of an RNA molecule using a DNA template. This is where only one DNA strand is transcribed using RNA polymerase Translation is where information on the RNA strand is used to specify the order of amino acids on a polypeptide chain |
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What are the major types of RNA molecules and what do they do |
Messenger RNA- encodes the amino acid sequence of a polypeptide Transfer RNA- brings amino acids to ribosomes during translation deciphering the code from mRNAA Ribosomal RNA- combines with protein to make ribosomes Small nuclear RNA- form complexes used in eukaryotic RNA processing (not too important) |
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Which enzyme catalyzes the process of transcription |
RNA polymerase |
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In what direction is RNA transcribed and what happens to the winding of the DNA. |
From 5' to 3'. A short region of the DNA next to the gene is unwound before transcription begins. |
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What are the 4 groups of an amino acid |
The r group Amine group Carboxyl group H atom |
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What are the amimo acids that link together to form polypeptide chains |
Between the anime and carboxyl group |
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What is the one gene one enzyme hypothesis |
Genes act by regulating definite chemical events this was coined by Beadle and Tatum that showed a direct relationship between genes and enzymes |
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What type of disruption in gene function is Tay-Sachs disease an example of? |
It is a disruption in the enzymes where there is a buildup of the lysosome and it is what causes brain degeneration |
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Describe the double muscle phenotype of muscular hypertrophy |
29 % increae in muscle mass Hypertrophy is the enlargement of muscle fibers but there's also hyperplasia in this phenotype which increases the amount of muscle fibers this is common in the piedmontese and the Belgian blue |
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Describe PKU |
Excess phenylalanine, which is an essential amino acid, is harmful because it affects CNS, causes mental retardation, slow growth, and early death. It is converted to tyrosine. PKU has a pleiotropic effect |
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The function of any protein is tied to its what? Give an example of how a description of a protein structure by mutation can lead to a disting to phenotypic effect |
The function of any protein is tied to its structure. An example would be sickle cell anemia where the blood cells turn to a crescent shape and cause blood clotting and reduce oxygen blood flow to the tissues thus killing them |
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What is cystic fibrosis |
It causes pancreatic, pulmonary, and digestive problems in children and young adults. It is autosomal recessive |
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