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123 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
104) The different spatial distribution of coast redwoods and red maple trees illustrates the operation of
A) competitive exclusions B) symbiosis C) limiting factors D) management through logging |
Answer: C
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115) In nature, approximately ______ of the calories in plant matter survive from the primary to the secondary trophic (feeding, nutrition) level.
A) 30% B) 10% C) 90% D) 50% |
Answer: B
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Conjunct
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-Melody with notes occuring in small intervals
-distance between pitches -Close together, narrow |
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Disjunct
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Melody with notes occuring in large intervals
-Wide |
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Dissonant
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Tone that does not sound pleasing
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Consonant
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Tone that sounds pleasing
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Dissononat
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tone that does not sound pleasing
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Modulation
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A change in the tonal center
-Never used in ICM-Raga |
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Scale
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Wat to understand pitches
- a collection of pitches |
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Pitch
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Being in tune
-Music term for frequency |
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Timbre
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specific tone color of a musical sound (quality)
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Chord
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similar to harmony
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What is pitch bending? Which cultures employ it as a standard feature of their music?
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- The intermediate sound between pitches "stretching the sound"
- Used in japanese tradiontal music, ICM |
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What is the "core melody" in a balinese gamelan piece?
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- Found in the mid range mettallophones - is the genesis of all other melodic parts.
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What is raga?
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-collection of pitches but beyond the idea of scales
-every raga has rules as to how the pitches are actaully used in performance - ever raga has a certain "extramusical assotition, like time of the day, season, or emotions - ONLY ONE RAGA IS USED FOR EACH PIECE OF MUSIC (ICM, never modulated) |
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What is a tonic note or tonal center?
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-the pitch that has the greatest stability or least tension
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Interval
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distance between pitches
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Meter/timecyle
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a cycle of beats
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Beat
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underlying pulse- not always explicitly given in a piece of music
-not given in icm, japenese |
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Hocket
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Interlocking melodies- by themselves not siginificant- together make melody
-Splitting melodies by splitting on melody |
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Syncopation
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Rhythms not line up with the beat
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Polymeter
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two different meters happening at the same time
-reciever |
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Polyrhythm
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two unrealted rhythms happening simultaneously
-Reciever |
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Monophony
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one line of music - number of performers doesnt matter
-texture |
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Polyphony
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Multiple, independent lines of music all equally contribute
-texture |
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Heterophony
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twolines-act like a chase scene- often used in icm
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Define the phrase "keeping time."
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-timekeeping- keep the beat
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What instrument is used for time keeping in west african music?
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Bell is frequently used to hold an ostinato pattern through the pice
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What instrument is used for time keepin in gamelan music?
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gogns are used to dive the various beats of the cycle
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What instrument is used for time keeping in salsa music?
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uses claves (sticks) or metal shell drums (timbales)
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Define "free rhythm." In what types of of music do we encounter free rhythm?
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- no regular pulse or beat
- occues in tradional japense music, ICM |
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What is Kotekan, and how/why is it used?
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-Kotekan- hocket technique used in gamelan music- includes interlocking parts (one part on beat, one part off beat)
-used to elaborate on the melody |
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Kriti
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devotional song- not performbed by itself but is used as a basis, or core for developing numerous improvisions- perforamnce of kriti may last very long
- instrumental - set to only one raga, so must know how to improve |
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Guru
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one that teaches the sisya
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Sisya
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disciple/studen of the guru
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Tabla
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pair of drums- only placed in North India
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Tala
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Indian term for meter- ONLY ONE used for a given piece of music
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Gamakas
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Melodic ornamentation used in ICM
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Alapana
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common style of improvisation- used by meolodic performers only ( no percussiong)- always before the presention of the kriti- free rhythm
- drone, melody |
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Bollywood
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India's Film industry- much of indian popular music comes from musicals/filsm
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What is the function of the drone in ICM?
Does the precense of the drone really creat harmony in this type of music? |
- Drone is the constant sounding of the tonal center.-the presence of the drone can help recognize consonance/dissonance between melody/drone
- no harmony |
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Describe the guru-sisya sytstem
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-Very formal- gurus very selective with students- reflects the entire lineaoge of teacing- student becomes disciple only after a period of years (2)
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How is kriti normally performed?
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-devotional song- often instrumentally- not performed by itself but is used as a basis, or core, for developing numerous improvisation- performance of kriti may last very long (due to improv)
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What role does improvisation play in ICM?
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- used to embellish kritis- often use alapana (exposition of the raga) to showcase the raga itself and show ability and knowledge of performer
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Pan
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Steel drums (idiophones) invented in Trinidad
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Panorama
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Annual steel band competition- only trinidad bands compete- judged on arrangement, general perforance, tone, and rhythm
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Lord Kitchener
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Most prominent calypso performer- sings about partying and lewd subjects
-career spanned over 60 yrs |
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Soca
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"soul calypso"- almost strictly part music- meant for dancing- often electronically generated msuic- driving bass- fast uses drumset
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Calypso
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Verbal expression- texts very important- talk about human condition
-from trinidad |
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Tamboo Bamboo
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early step towards pans- used bamboo sticks as percussion
-"bamboo drum" |
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What are the developments that led to the modernization of steel drum instruments?
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-Used wrapped sticks with soft material prduce less harsh tone
- created concave playing surface (bowl like) - fully chromatic - use of 12 pitches in recognized western music - |
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Describe how a panorama arrangement is created and performed
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- only Trinidad bands- select a popular tune (calypso) to arrange, peform
- the arranger arranges the tuen and teaches it to the band - play in front of judges |
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What role if any, did/do calypsonians play in society?
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Perform at panorama, they set up tents for people to listen, there were commerical recordings of the music
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Clave
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pair of rosewood sticks- often used as timekeepers- can also refer to a rhythm
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Mambo
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Fast to moderate tempo- based on clave rhythm (2,3 or 3,2)
- features both vocal and instrumental improv - no guitar, cowbells, congas, etc more common |
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Bolero
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Slow temp- low/high/low pattern on conga drums- not based on clave rhythm- never uses drumset
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Cha Cha
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Medium tempo- 4 beat cycle- features guiro- never too fast -dance music
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Timbales
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metal shell drums played with sticks- keep time on metal shell, also use cowbells and cymbals
-2 is the norm, although using more than 2 is possible |
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Congas
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Wood shell drums played with hands
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Samba
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Street samba- roots in drumming and singing- likely to have guitar strum- meant for dancing
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Guiro
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scared idiophone- used in cha cha
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Reggae
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Bouncy feel, offbeats in rhythm section, melodic bass lines
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Mento
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precursor of reggae- "jamaican calypso"- contributed bouncy feel
- uses banjo |
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Ska
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offbetas in rhythm secion- key to raggae- often instrumental only- fast temp, horns
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Rock steady
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reaction to ska - slow down tempo- melodic bass lines- return to lyricism
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Bongos
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Slow-night club music
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Define clave dicuss its role in salsa music styles
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-3-2 or 2-3 rhythm - dictates every other instrument
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How do you tell the styles of mambo, bolera and cha cha apart?
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Mambo- moderate to ver fast- features coval
Bolero- slow, low.high/low" on congas- never use drumset Cha Cha- medium tempo - features the guiro, dance music |
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What instruments are found in the rhythm section of a salsa band?
In a rhythm section instruments have basically two roles or jobs- what are they? |
rhythm section- piano, bass, guita, percussion (sometimes drumset)
- role provides heat, keeps tune, provides harmony |
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Can you trace the evolution of jamaican popular music in the 20th century?
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Mento(1950s)- used bouncy feel
Ska (50s-60s) - influence from US- R&B feel- offbetats in rhytym section- fast tempo- often instrumental Rock Steady (late 60s)- reaction to ska- slowed down, lysicism, melodic bass line carry to raggae |
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Mettalophone
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metal keyboard- prefferred metal is bronze
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Kotekan
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hocket technique- one part on beat, one part off, used to elaborate melody
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Gong Cycle
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Divide the various beats of teh cycle maong the different size gongs
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Gamelan
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Generic term for musical ensemble- found on java and bali
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Describe why metallophones are tuned in pairs. What effect does this produce?
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- One of the pairs is purposefully "de-tuned" so each pair is slightly out of tune
- creates a "shimmer" effect throughout the ensemble |
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Indentify the five layers of musical activity in balinese gamelan music:
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1. Drums- lead or condcut- give signals or cues
2. gongs- mark the time cycle by dividing various beats of cycle among different sized gongs 3. High Mettalophones- elaborate the melody often with kotekan 4. Mid " "- core or skeletal melody- genesis for all melodic parts 5. Low " "- slow moving support meolodies (based on core melody) |
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How is gamelan music taught and leanred
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rote learning- formal- observing and imitating
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Jeli
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part of the nyamalo class- "shaper of sound"- must be born into family- specialize in one of 3 areas (speech, song, instrument)
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Master Drummer
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Leader of Agbekor- dance drumming- director of group- gives oral cues- improvises if required
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Amadinda
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East african xylophone- loose key- multiple players- bars struck on edges with wood sticks
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Define the term sub-saharan afric" and tell why wuch a term is necessary in discussing the music of africa
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all regions south of the Sahara desert
- cultures within Sub-Saharan africa are distinct from those in the northern part of the continent (more like middle east) - N. Africa culturally has more in common with middle east |
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Identify and describe the four funtions that instruments serve in a piece of West African dance-drumming (agbekor)
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Timekeeper- ostinato pattern throughout piece- use bell often- never improvises
Emphasis of time keeper- use rattle Supporting Drum- play ostinato- can change rhythm/repeat Lead drum- director give cues, improvises if required |
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Breifly dicuss music in Pygmy culture, and explain how their environment and social structure impacts their music making
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-Nomadic life style- small, simple instruments, vocal music most important
- egalitarian society- emphasis on group performance - music unspecialized |
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What are some of the features of african tradional music
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-prefer a high "noise to pitch" ratio
Features syncopation, polyrhythm, ostinatos - Percussion used for tiem keeping/structural purposes |
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Ma
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an absence of beat- silence or space that adds drama
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Isin Densin
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"worldess communication" within performers
like eye contact.... important becaue it leaves some decisions until onstage playing |
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Enka
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Sung by middle aged people- melodramatic sappy songs about lost love or mundane life issues
- songs about issues people that age deal with |
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Kouta
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Short song created by female composers- use shamisen to accompany
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Shamisen
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Wodden sound box- fretless neck allows fore easy pitch bedning- three strings- buzzing timbres
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Shakuhachi
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end blown flute made of bamboo, orginally played by wondering monks
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Tayu
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narrotor for banraku theaer- provides voice for each cahracter- performs from a book
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Karaoke
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significant in japan- group dynamics reinforced- used as an icebreaker, stress reliever
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Describe the music of banraku theater
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Japanese puppetery
- provided by 3 person team- shamisen- 3 styles of vocal delivery- singing, speaking and half of each - seated of right of stage |
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What are the characteristics of japanese traditional music?
How does this music sound compared to western music? |
- variety of timbres- unpitched sounds often used (nature sounds)
- no standard tuning system- employs pitch bending -no hamorny- free ryhthm- use of ma |
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What impact does karaoke have on japanese society?
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-use personal karaoke machines- used as ice breaker and stress reliever
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Ethnomusicology
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study of non-western music, compartive studies relationship of music to culture
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Hornsbostel-Sachs instrument classifcations:
Aerophones |
any instument that features a vibrating column of air
-trumpet, organ |
|
Hornsbostel-Sachs instrument classifcations:
chorodphones |
instrmnets that feature vibrating strings
-piano |
|
Hornsbostel-Sachs instrument classifcations:
Membranophones |
Instruments in which a streched membrane that vibrates
-drums |
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Idiophones
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Instruments in which teh body of the instrument itself vibrates (self sounding instruments)
- wood blocks, bells, steel pan |
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Seven Music Universals
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1. Has vocal music (singing)
2. Employs musical instruments in some way 3. Uses music in ritual or scared events 4. Seperates musical pieces, or selections 5. has some organization of tones or pitches 6. uses music as a way to experience transcendent mood (goosebumps) 7. uses music to reinforce social groups/boundaries/organization |
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Describe situations where the context of a performance imposes a limition on who may perform (men/women,old/young,pro/amatuer)
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-japanese kouta- women only
-Indian raga, Bunraku theater- only trained pros Jeli- must be born iinto family -guru-sisya -conservatories |
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What does non-western mean?
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-western= music stemming from western europe culture
- non western= all other music- may be clasical |
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What is fieldwork, and why is it a cornerstone of the dsicpline
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- immersing yourself in the people/culture for an extended period of time to gain extensive knowledge
- try to gain insiders point of view -essential credibility - must have at least 1 year |
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Describe rote learning. Identify as many situations when it is employed
|
- observing and imitating to learn- formal- clear who is teaching/learning
-May be in group setting (panorama) -guru-sisya -Gamelan-Idonesia -Essential for credibility |
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What is enculturation? What type of music did we discuss that is learned in this manner?
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Learning through slow absorption without formal teaching
-African music |
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What are the advantages of learning and performing with notation? Are there any disadvantages to notation?
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-Preserves music, makes sharing learning easy
- No flexibility (cant change it_, can easily be interprted wrong |
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How do the following entities exert control over the dissemination of music (repertoire, technique, other)?
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Gurus- guru accepts sisya only after period of years, student not only reflects themselves but also the entire lineage of teaching
- jeli: Must be boring into certain family, string intermarriage, first learn from family memebr than master teacher comes later, exposure to all 3 areas at first then specilize to formal one one student relationship - Japanese iemoto guilds: certain families control the arts, each musical style or instrument had a guild- preserves integrity of art form- control dissemination and qulity - Western Conservatories: all collections of old classical music. controls dissemnation because may not allow any new music, dedicated to the preservation and itergrity of their chosen art |
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Describe the music of banraku theater
|
Japanese puppetery
- provided by 3 person team- shamisen- 3 styles of vocal delivery- singing, speaking and half of each - seated of right of stage |
|
What are the characteristics of japanese traditional music?
How does this music sound compared to western music? |
- variety of timbres- unpitched sounds often used (nature sounds)
- no standard tuning system- employs pitch bending -no hamorny- free ryhthm- use of ma |
|
What impact does karaoke have on japanese society?
|
-use personal karaoke machines- used as ice breaker and stress reliever
|
|
Ethnomusicology
|
study of non-western music, compartive studies relationship of music to culture
|
|
Hornsbostel-Sachs instrument classifcations:
Aerophones |
any instument that features a vibrating column of air
-trumpet, organ |
|
Hornsbostel-Sachs instrument classifcations:
chorodphones |
instrmnets that feature vibrating strings
-piano |
|
Hornsbostel-Sachs instrument classifcations:
Membranophones |
Instruments in which a streched membrane that vibrates
-drums |
|
Idiophones
|
Instruments in which teh body of the instrument itself vibrates (self sounding instruments)
- wood blocks, bells, steel pan |
|
Seven Music Universals
|
1. Has vocal music (singing)
2. Employs musical instruments in some way 3. Uses music in ritual or scared events 4. Seperates musical pieces, or selections 5. has some organization of tones or pitches 6. uses music as a way to experience transcendent mood (goosebumps) 7. uses music to reinforce social groups/boundaries/organization |
|
Describe situations where the context of a performance imposes a limition on who may perform (men/women,old/young,pro/amatuer)
|
-japanese kouta- women only
-Indian raga, Bunraku theater- only trained pros Jeli- must be born iinto family -guru-sisya -conservatories |
|
What does non-western mean?
|
-western= music stemming from western europe culture
- non western= all other music- may be clasical |
|
What is fieldwork, and why is it a cornerstone of the dsicpline
|
- immersing yourself in the people/culture for an extended period of time to gain extensive knowledge
- try to gain insiders point of view -essential credibility - must have at least 1 year |
|
Describe rote learning. Identify as many situations when it is employed
|
- observing and imitating to learn- formal- clear who is teaching/learning
-May be in group setting (panorama) -guru-sisya -Gamelan-Idonesia -Essential for credibility |
|
What is enculturation? What type of music did we discuss that is learned in this manner?
|
Learning through slow absorption without formal teaching
-African music |
|
What are the advantages of learning and performing with notation? Are there any disadvantages to notation?
|
-Preserves music, makes sharing learning easy
- No flexibility (cant change it_, can easily be interprted wrong |