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110 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
Asymmetrical Warfare
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Military muscle of a nation state directed at a confederation of religious extremists rather than another nation state
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Bubble Economy
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a highly inflated economy that cannot be sustained. Bubble economies usually result from a rapid influx of international capital into a developing country
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Centrifugal Forces
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Cultural and political forces acting to weaken or divide an existing state
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Centripetal Forces
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Forces that promote political unity and reinforce the state structure
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Core-Peripheral Model
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model devised by scholars that shows the US and Canada, Western Europe, and Japan constitute the global economic care of the North, while most of the areas to the south make up less developed global periphery
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Cultural Imperialism
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active promotion of one cultural system at the expense of another
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Cultural Nationalism
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process of defending a cultural system against offensive cultural expressions while at the same time promoting local or national cultural values
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Cultural Syncretism/Hybridization
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A common product of "cultural collision" which is the blending of forces to form a new type of culture
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Decolonization
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refers to the process of a colony's gaining/regaining control over its territory and establishing a separate, independent government
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Demographic Transition
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4 stage model that conceptualizes changes in birthrates and death rates through time as population urbanizes.
1 - preindustrial - charactereized by high birth and death rates, leading to very slow RNI 2 - transitional - death rates fall dramatically while birthrates fall 3 - transitional - birthrates begin to decline as people become aware of the advantages of smaller families 4 - industrial - a very low RNI results from a combination of low birthrates and very low death rates |
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Economic Growth Rate
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Averaging annual growth of GNI of GDP over period of 5 years
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Ethnic Religion
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remain identified with a specific ethnic, tribal, or national group (don't actively seek converts)
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GNI per Capita
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Gross National Income - divide the GNI by the country's population
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Lingua Franca
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When people from different culture groups cannot communicate directly in their native languages, they agree on a 3rd languages as a common language
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Nation-State
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A relatively homogenous cultural group with its own fully political territory (don't always fit neatly in boundaries of actual states)
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Over Urbanization
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urban population grows more quickly than it can provide housing, transportation, waste disposal and water supply
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Squatter Settlement
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illegal developments of makeshift housing as a result of over urbanization
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Sweatshop
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crude factories in which workers sew clothing, assemble sneakers, or perform similar labor intensive tasks for extremely low wages
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Total Fertility Rate
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Rate that measures fertility of an average group of women moving through their childbearing years
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Transnational Firms
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Firms and corporations that, although they may be chartered and have headquarters in one specific country, do international business through an array of global subsidiaries
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Economic Growth Rate
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Averaging annual growth of GNI of GDP over period of 5 years
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Ethnic Religion
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remain identified with a specific ethnic, tribal, or national group (don't actively seek converts)
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GNI per Capita
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Gross National Income - divide the GNI by the country's population
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Lingua Franca
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When people from different culture groups cannot communicate directly in their native languages, they agree on a 3rd languages as a common language
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Nation-State
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A relatively homogenous cultural group with its own fully political territory (don't always fit neatly in boundaries of actual states)
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Over Urbanization
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urban population grows more quickly than it can provide housing, transportation, waste disposal and water supply
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Squatter Settlement
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illegal developments of makeshift housing as a result of over urbanization
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Sweatshop
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crude factories in which workers sew clothing, assemble sneakers, or perform similar labor intensive tasks for extremely low wages
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Total Fertility Rate
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Rate that measures fertility of an average group of women moving through their childbearing years
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Transnational Firms
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Firms and corporations that, although they may be chartered and have headquarters in one specific country, do international business through an array of global subsidiaries
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Universalizing Religions
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attempt to appeal to all peoples regardless of location or culture (missionary work)
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Anthropogenic
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human caused pollutants in lower atmosphere contribute to greenhouse effect
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Bioregion
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assemblage of local plants and animals converging a large area
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Climate Regions
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Boundaries drawn around areas with similar average conditions
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Climographs
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Graphs of average high and low temperatures and precipitation for an entire year
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Desertification
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Spread of desert like conditions
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Greenhouse Effect
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the natural process of lower atmosphere heating that results from the trapping of incoming and reradiated solar energy by water moisture, clouds, and other atmospheric gases
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Green Revolution
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Term applied to the development of agricultural techniques used in developing countries that usually combine new, genetically altered seeds that provide higher yields than native seeds when combined with high inputs of chemical fertilizer, irrigation, and pesticides
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Ethnocentrism
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characterized by or based on the attitude that one's own group is superior
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Transition Zone
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zone between 2 different climate regions
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Relative Location
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explains location in reference to other places
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Absolute Location
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refers to exact location; latitude and longitude
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Maritime Climate
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strongly influenced by an oceanic environment found on islands and windward shores of continents. characterized by small daily and yearly temperature ranges and high relative humidity
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Continentality
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the degree to which the climate of a region typifies that of the interior of a large land mass; the condition of begin a continent; the tendency for middle regions of continents to have a wider temperature range than coastal areas
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Site
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the internal locational attributes of a place, including its local spatial organization and physical setting
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Situation
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the external locational attributes of a place, its relative location or regional position with reference to other non-local places
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Acid Rain
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industrial produced sulfur dioxide and nitrogen oxides in the atmosphere that damage forests, poison lakes, and kill fish
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Boreal Forest
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Coniferous forest found in high-latitude or mountainous environments of the Northern Hemisphere
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Connectivity
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how well region's different locations become linked with one another through improved transportation and communications networks
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Concentric zone model
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urban land uses were neatly organized in rings around a highly focused central business district that contained much of the city's retailing and office functions (early 20th century)
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Counterurbanization
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people leave large cities and move to small towns/ rural areas
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Cultural Assimilation
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process in which immigrants were absorbed by the larger host society
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Digital Divide
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regions poor/underprivileged groups have significantly less access to Internet communications than the wealthy
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Federal State
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Allocate considerable political power to units beneath the national level
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Gentrification
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process involving the displacement of lower income residents of central city neighborhoods with higher income residents, improvement of deteriorated inner city landscapes and construction of new shopping complexes, entertainment attractions or convention centers in selected downtown locations
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Group of Eight
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Collection of powerful countries - Japan, Germany, Great Britain, France, Italy, Russia, US, Canada
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Location Factor
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varied influences that explain why and economic activity is located where it is
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Megalopolis
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largest settlement cluster in US (includes DC, Baltimore, Philadelphia, NYC, and Boston)
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NAFTA (North American Free Trade Agreement)
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An agreement made in 1994 between Canada, the US, and Mexico that established a 15 year plan for reducing all barriers to trade among the three countries
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Sectoral Transformation
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evolution of nations labor force from one dependent on primary sector to one with more employment in secondary, tertiary, and quaternary sectors
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Unitary State
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Power centralized at national level
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Urban Decentralization
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metropolitan areas sprawl in all directions and suburbs take on many of characteristics of traditional downtowns
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Urban Realms Model
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recognizes new suburbs characterized by a mix of peripheral retailing, industrial parks, office complexes, and entertainment facilities
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Megacities
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cities with more than 10 million people
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Neotropics
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Tropical ecosystems of Western Hemisphere
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Grassification
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Conversion of tropical forest into pasture
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Shields
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large upland areas of very old exposed rocks that range in elevation from 600 to 5000 feet. The three major shields in South America are the Guina, Brazilian, and Patagonian
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Altiplano
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Treeless high plain of Peru and Bolivia
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El Nino
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occurs when a warm pacific current arrives along the normally cold coastal waters of Ecuador and Peru in December
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Urban Primacy
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Condition in which a country has a primate city three to four times larger than any other city in the country
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Rural-to-Urban Migration
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moving form rural areas to larger cities
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Latifundia
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practice of maintaining large estates
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Minifundia
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Farming small plots for their subsistence
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Agrarian Reform
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redistribution of land to peasant farmers
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Mestizo
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People of mixed European and Indian ancestry
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Organization of American States (OAS)
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Founded in 1948 and head-quartered in DC, it advocates hemispheric cooperation and dialogue
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Mercosur
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Souther cone common market
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Treaty of Tordesillas
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Pope divide Atlantic World in half (Portugal - Eastern Half; Spain - Western Half)
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Supranational Organizations
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governing bodies that include several states
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Subnational organizations
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groups that represent areas or people within a state
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Maquiladoras
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mexican assembly plants that line border with US
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Dependency Theory
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popular theory to explain patterns of economic development in Latin America. Underdevelopment was created by expansion of European Capitalism into the region that served to develop "core" countries in Europe and to impoverish and make dependent peripheral areas such as Latin America
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Maquiladoras
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mexican assembly plants that line border with US
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Dollarization
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process by which a country adopts the US dollar as its official currency
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Dependency Theory
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popular theory to explain patterns of economic development in Latin America. Underdevelopment was created by expansion of European Capitalism into the region that served to develop "core" countries in Europe and to impoverish and make dependent peripheral areas such as Latin America
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Neoliberal Policies
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stress, privation, export production, direct foreign investment and few restrictions on imports
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Dollarization
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process by which a country adopts the US dollar as its official currency
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Growth Poles
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planned industrial cities
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Neoliberal Policies
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stress, privation, export production, direct foreign investment and few restrictions on imports
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Isolated Proximity
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A concept that explores the contradictory position of the caribbean states, which are physically close to North America and economically dependent upon that region. At the same time, Caribbean isolation fosters strong loyalties to locality and limited economic opportunity
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Growth Poles
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planned industrial cities
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Rimland
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Coastal zone of the mainland that begins with belize and extends along the coast of Central America to Northern South America
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Isolated Proximity
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A concept that explores the contradictory position of the caribbean states, which are physically close to North America and economically dependent upon that region. At the same time, Caribbean isolation fosters strong loyalties to locality and limited economic opportunity
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Caribbean Diaspora
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economic flight of Caribbean peoples across globe
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Rimland
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Coastal zone of the mainland that begins with belize and extends along the coast of Central America to Northern South America
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creolization
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mix of European and African Cultures
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Caribbean Diaspora
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economic flight of Caribbean peoples across globe
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Plantation America
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a cultural region that extends from midway up the coast of Brazil through the Guianas and the Caribbean, and into the southeastern US. In this coastal zone, European owned plantations, worded by African laborers, produced agricultural products for export
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creolization
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mix of European and African Cultures
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Plantation America
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a cultural region that extends from midway up the coast of Brazil through the Guianas and the Caribbean, and into the southeastern US. In this coastal zone, European owned plantations, worded by African laborers, produced agricultural products for export
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Mono-crop Production
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a single commodity
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Indentured Labor
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workers contracted to labor on estates for a set period of time, often several years
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African Diaspora
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Forced removal of Africans from their native lands
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maroons
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communities of runaway slaves
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neocolonialism
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economic and political strategies by which powerful states indirectly/directly extend their influence over other weaker states
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Caribbean Community and Common Market (CARICOM)
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a regional trade organization established in 1972 that includes former English colonies as its members
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Free Trade Zones
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duty free and tax exempt industrial parks for foreign corporations
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Off-Shore Banking
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appeal to foreign banks/corporations by offering specialized services that are confidential and tax exempt
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Capital Leakage
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huge gap between gross income and total tourist dollars
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Brain Drain
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migration of best educated people from developing countries to developed nations where economic opportunites are greater
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