Geography Gcse

Dark areas across the sun.

sulphur dioxide and volcanic ash

More co2 the warmer the environment

Plate movement doe to convection current.

1-burning of fossil fuels produce co2 and sulphur dioxide. Also the production of rice and keeping of cattle produces more methane.

2- layer of gases thickens reflecting sun rays but preventing gases from escaping which warms earth up

3- this happens naturally but burning fossil fuels adds to this

phones are 100% recyclable, 45% of plastic recycled into traffic cones and chargers recycled into jewellery.

Water flows in a spirals and takes the fastest route.The outside of the bend gets more erosion by abrasion- the sandpaperimg away of the bed and banks by the rivers load. This deepens the outside so less friction occurs. On the inside of the river sediment is deposited and more friction occurs meaning the river doesn't have enough energy to carry it forming a slip off slope

the outside of the meander gets eroded so the neck gets narrower. During times of floor the river floods depositing sediment that it hasn't the energy to carry. This causes the meander to be cut of as the river takes the fastest route. eventually the oxbow lake is cut off forming a meander scar

flat area that isnt built on and is allowed to flood. Sediment is deposited here in times of flood

during times of flood the river overflows on the levee. due to friction the river loses energy therefore I'd deposits the larger rocks on the river bank and carries the smaller sediment onto the floodplain. This forms natural levees.

Carlisle floods 2005

9 inches of rainfall

Source: howGill fells

Mouth: solway firth

levee by Newman school

placed along Warwick road and are 3-4m tall which is 30cm taller than before and increase the capacity of the river until the flood subsides. £25 million

durran hill pumping station- pumps water out of area to reduce water levels

householders that live on the sands in Appleby are given £1200 to buy sandbags and waterproof render. This reduces damage to their properties.

next to Appleby swimming pool to increase river capacity

water is held back and released in a controlled way

Can be used to generate hydroelectric power

Very expensive and sediment is often trapped

controling urban development in areas likely to flood

Cheap

Hard to enforce planning regulations in LICs

network of sirens to warn people when there is a flood

Very cheap

Sirens can be vandalised

vertical barrier made from pre fabricated concrete, can be used with limited space

Need to be well assembled

trees are planted in the catchment area of the river to intercept the rainfall and slow down the river flow

Increases fire risk

when the river flow is diverted from urban areas and settlement.

Makes houses safer

Needs lots of land

The environment agency and DEFRA a work out which areas are likely to flood the environment agency gives householders information so they can make preparations DEFRA in charge of building defences to stop flooding

movingg electricity sockets higher up the walls replacing doors with ones that are lightweight so can be removed upstairs in times of flood

concrete floors instead of wooden ones so they don't rot

yacht varnish on wooden skirting boards

buildings on stilts

The Met office predicts floods and people can be warned by floodline or through broadcasts in television E.g. BBC radio Cumbria

1800 houses were flooded

80,000 people have no electricity

three people died

Newman school was closed

Half 1 million trees lost in Cumbria livestock farmland on Solway plain flooded

25 homes have been lost due to a rose in house prices from £80,000 to 1

8 m of land per year lost to see

Set up regarding is used on 300 m of coastline this cost £90,000 and works by cutting back cliffs and slopes to create gentle slopes to stop slumping

nine groins trap sediment carried by Longshore drift

to see balls one is 550 m and one is for hundred metres reflect wave energy and reduce erosion due to resistant concrete

The moving of continental and oceanic plates due to convection current

Convection current is when heat rises as it becomes less dense due to the mantle as it reaches the surface of the earth's crust it cools and becomes denser therefore sinks

when two continental plates meet head-on non-is subducted therefore forming volcanoes

when two plates move away from each other due to convection current one example is the mid-Atlantic Ridge

when magma from the mantle a rips through the trust this creates a volcano then the plate moves over the Hotspot forming a chain of hotspots such as Hawaii

A Conservative plate boundary is when plates alongside each other move past each other one example is the San Andreas Fault in the USA they move at different speeds therefore stick and jerk triggering a sudden earthquake

A mathematical measurement of the intensity of the ground shaking measured by a seismograph

measures how people feel and react to the shaking of an earthquake it is a relative or qualitative scale

above the focus in the epicentre

fertile soil as volcanic rocks are rich in minerals geothermal energy means heat energy from the earth's rocks minerals valuable minerals such as copper gold silver leading using at Mt St Helens to visit in attracts customers for business such as hotels creating jobs for the local economy

185 people died cost the economy one .6 billion 500 historical buildings were damaged 6800 injured 80% of Sewers was damaged

reinforced latticework in foundations open areas for assembly reinforced lift shafts identification number on the top of buildings to measure destruction

disaster prevention Day emergency drills go ahead

biomass would call oil natural gas nuclear

ground source heating costs approximately £12,000 but is cheap once built enough space is needed so the panels contain photovoltaic cells which one water wind power cost £1500 for 1 kW tidal power

in Denmark 9% of electricity cost by winter Bynes account to 30,000 bed deaths per year turning off the turbines in the USA caused a 73% drop in bat deaths

Movement of turbines creates nine tons of carbon and releases lots of CO2

37% of households have people aged over 60 73% of households are wealthy services target the elderly such as l'enclum Michelin star restaurant

People commute which causes congestion

to increase numbers

$95 for a maid

£4000 for children 3 and 4th

Free education

80% increase in tooth decay due to high level of concentration in the vitamins D deficiency due to smog preventing soon rays