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37 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Accessibility-
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The relative ease with which a destination may be reached from other locations; the relative opportunity for spatial interaction. May be measured in geometric, social or economic terms.
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Latitude-
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Angular distance north or south of the equator, measured in degrees, minutes, and seconds. Grid lines marking latitudes are called parallels. The equator is 0 degrees the North Pole is 90 degrees North; the South Pole is 90 degrees South. Low latitudes are considered to fall within the tropics (23 degrees 30’North and 23 degrees 30’ South) midlatitudes extend from the tropics to the Arctic and Antarctic circles (66 degrees 30’ North AND south); high latitudes occur from those circles to the North and South poles.
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Longitude-
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Angular distance of a location in degrees, minutes and seconds measured east or west of a designated prime meridian given the value of 0 degrees. By general agreement, the globe grid prime meridian passes through the old observatory of Greenwich, England. Distances are measured from 0 degrees to 180 degrees both east and west, with 180 degrees East and West being the same line. For much of its extent, the 180 degrees meridian also serves as the International Date Line. Because of the period of the earth’s axial rotation, 15 degrees of longitude are equivalent to a difference of one hour in local time
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Relative location-
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The position of a place or activity in relation to other places or activities. Relative location implies spatial relationships and usually suggests the relative advantages or disadvantages of a location with respect to all competing locations
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Absolute location-
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The exact position of an object or place stated in spatial coordinates of a grid system deigned for locational purposes. In Geography the reference system is the globe grid of parallels of latitude north or south of the equator and of meridians of longitude east and west of a prime meridian. Absolute globe locations are cited in degrees minutes, and (for greater precision) seconds latitude and longitude north or south and east or west of the equatorial and prime meridian base lines.
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Site-
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The absolute location of a place or activity described by local relief, landform, and other physical (or sometimes cultural) characteristics.
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Diffusion Barrier-
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Any condition that hinders the flow of information, the movement of people or the spread of innovation
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Syncretism-
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The development of a new form of culture trait by the fusion of two or more distinct parental elements.
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Assimilation-
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A two part behavioral and structural process by which a minority population reduces or loses completely its identifying cultural characteristics and blends into the host society.
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Acculturation-
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Cultural modification or change that results when one culture group or individual adopts traits of a dominant or hose society; cultural development or change through “borrowing”
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Migration-
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The permanent (or relatively permanent) relocation of an individual or group to a new, usually distant, place of residence and employment
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Expansion diffusion-
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The spread of ideas, behaviors, or articles through a culture area or from one culture to a neighboring area through contact and exchange of information; the dispersion leaves the phenomenon intact or intensified in its area of origin.
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Mentifacts-
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The central enduring elements of a culture expressing its values and beliefs, including language, religion, folklore, artistic traditions, and the like. Elements in the ideological subsystem of culture.
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Absolute distance-
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(syn: geodesic distance) The shortest path separation between two places measured on a standard unit length (miles or kilometers, usually); also called real distance
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Relative distance-
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A transformation of absolute distance into such relative measures as time or monetary costs. Such measures yield different explanations of human spatial behavior than do linear distances alone. Distances between places are constant by absolute terms, but relative distances may vary with improvements in transportation or communication technology or with different psychological perceptions of space.
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Density-
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The quantity of anything (people, buildings, animals, traffic, etc.) per unit area
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Natural Landscape-
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The physical environment unaffected by human activities. The duration and near totality of human occupation of the earth’s surface assure that little or no “natural landscape” so defined remains intact. Opposed to cultural landscape
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Cultural Landscape-
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The natural landscape as modified by human activities and bearing the imprint of a culture group or society; the guilt environment.
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Spatial diffusion-
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syn: Diffusion) The spread or movement of a phenomenon over space or through time. The dispersion of a culture trait or characteristic or new ideas and practices from an origin area (e.g., language, plant, domestication, new industrial technology). Recognized types include relocation, expansion, contagious, and hierarchical diffusion.
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Regional Concept-
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The view that physical and cultural phenomena on the surface of the earth are rationally arranged by complex, diverse, but comprehensible interrelated spatial processes.
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Possiblism-
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The philosophical viewpoint that the physical environment offers human beings a set of opportunities from which (within limits) people may choose according to their cultural needs and technological awareness. The emphasis is on a freedom of choice and action not allowed under environmental determinism.
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Functional Region-
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A region differentiated by what occurs within it rather than by a homogeneity of physical or cultural phenomena: an earth area recognized as an operational unit based upon defined organizational criteria. The concept of unity is based on interaction and interdependence between different points within the area.
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Multi Linear evolution-
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A concept of independent but parallel cultural development advanced by the anthropologist Julian Steward (1902- 1272) to explain cultural similarities among widely separated peoples existing in similar environments but who could not have benefited from shared experiences, borrowed ideas, or diffused technologies.
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Formal region
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A region distinguished by a uniformity of one or more characteristics that can serve as the basis for areal generalization and of contrast with adjacent areas.
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Mesolithic-
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Middle Stone Age. The culture stage of the early postglacial period, during which earliest stages of a domestication of animals and plants occurred, refined and specialized tools were developed, pottery was produced and semipermanent settlements were established as climate change reduced the game animal herds, earlier followed for food.
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Neolithic-
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New Stone Age. The culture (succeeding that of the Mesolithic) of the middle postglacial period, during which polished stone tools were perfected, the economy was slolely or largely based on cultivation of crops and domestication of animals, and the arts of spinning, weaving, smelting, and metal working were developed. More formalized societies and culture complexes emerged as cities developed and trade routes were established.
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Environmental determinism-
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The view that the physical environment, particularly climate controls human action, molds human behavior, and conditions cultural development.
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Hunter- gatherer-
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An economic and social system based primarily or exclusively on the hunting of wild animals and the gathering of food, fiber and other materials from uncultivated plants.
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Innovation-
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Introduction of new ideas, practices or objects; usually an alteration of custom or culture that originates within the social group itself.
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Cultural lag-
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To be behind in culture. Referring to things such as computers and people that are “behind in the times”
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Crusaders-
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Developed the lines now known as the lines of latitude and longitude
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Romans-
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measured the earth and devised the global grid of parallels and meridians which mark the latitude and longitude.
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Material traits-
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Traits in a culture that are brought on by something. Such as the physical things that a culture gives meaning to
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Non material Traits-
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Traits that are brought on by the culture a person is living in such as thoughts and beliefs.
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Homogeneous:
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All the same or a similar kind of nature
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Heterogeneous:
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consisting of elements that are not in the same kind of nature.
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Culture transition
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A group of people adapting to a new culture: changing of the masses so to speak
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