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51 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
AQUIFERS
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a permeable layer transporting groundwater. sand and gravel deposits, fracture granite, and limestone with solution cavities are good aquifers.
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CAPILLARY FRINGE
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surface tension produces the capillary fringe. the small water adhering to the particles in the zone of aeration in known as suspended water.
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UNCONFINED AQUIFERS
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formations that are exposed to atmospheric pressure changes. may be recharged by infiltration over the whole area underlain by the aquifer
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CONFINED AQUIFERS
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are bounded above and below by low permeability rocks. these act as water conduits.
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HYDRAULIC HEAD IN A AQUIFER
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the difference in the water pressure between the top and bottom of the aquifer
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PERCHED WATER TABLES
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false indications of the depth to the water table and the quantities available
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SUSTAINED YIELD
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the amount of water an aquifer can yield on a day to day basics over a long period of time without depleting the resource
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POTENTIOMETRIC CONTOURS
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well data is used to measure the depth to the water table. arrows indicate the flow direction.
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SPRINGS
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are formed when groundwater flows laterally to intersect the land surface and is discharged. they form where solution cavities, fractures, or perched water tables intersect the ground surface. |
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ARTESIAN SYSTEMS
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are form where the ground water in sloping aquifers is confined by and overlaying aquiclude. if recharge is sufficient to keep the aquifer filled, hydrostatic pressure builds up and allows groundwater to rise above the top of the aquifer in wells.
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KARST TOPOGRAPHY
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ground water erosion in areas underlain by limestone produces a characteristic landscape known as karst topography. characterized by sinkholes, solution valleys, disappearing streams, caves, springs, and terra rosa. humid and temperate climates.
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CAVE DEPOSITS
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as water seeps into caves, CO2, in the water escapes and a small amount of CALCITE is precipitated. almost all cave deposits form this ways and are collectively termed DRIPSTONES.
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STALACTITES AND STALAGMITES |
stalactites are icicle-shaped masses suspended from cave ceilings. stalagmites are spires projecting upward from cave floors. columns form where this two meet. |
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HOW MUCH WATER A PERSON REQUIRES PER DAY?
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1 gallon of water per person per day. in the US 1800 gallons per person per day. about 25 % lost.
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WHAT ARE THE PRINCIPAL CATEGORIES OF WATER USE?
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municipal supplies (homes use) rural use (rural homes and watering livestock) irrigation self-supplied industrial use thermo-electric power generation |
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GROUND WATER MINING
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where groundwater is being depleted by high rates of withdrawal which exceed the sustained yield and overdraft condition termed groundwater mining exists.
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SOLUTIONS TO LOWERING THE WATER TABLE?
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LEPA-low energy precision application mandatory water meters use of treated waste water for irrigation water diversion programs |
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MOST COMMON SOURCE OF CONTAMINATION
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sewage, landfills, toxic waste sites, and agriculture.
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WHO ARE THE TOP 4 IRRIGATORS
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china, India, Pakistan, US
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UPPSALA AQUIFER, SWEDEN
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artificial replenishment. water from the river fyris is pumped into wells. takes 8 months to reach the wells allowing for natural filtration to purify the water.
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STREAM AND DRAINAGE BASIN |
stream is any body of flowing water confined within a channel. drainage basing is the area from which a stream draws its water. |
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SHEET FLOW
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occurs when a more or less continuous sheet of shallow water moves over the surface.
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CHANNEL FLOW
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is confined to long, trough-like depressions raging in size from tiny rills to huge rivers.
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GRADIENT
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is the vertical drop divided by the horizontal distance along the stream. (slope) higher gradient = higher velocity |
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HOW DOES A STREM CARRIES MATERIAL?
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bed load (saltation and traction (rolling)) suspended load saltation (bouncing) dissolved load |
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TYPES OF DRAINAGE
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dendritic (tree like) rectangular (grid like) trellis radial (conical) deranged (scattered) |
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ALLUVIAL FANS
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form where mountains streams flow into flat valleys. the change in stream velocity causes the stream to deposit it's sediment load. can be subjected to flash floods and debris flows as a result of intense seasonal storms.
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DELTAS
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form where running water moves into standing water(lakes or ocean) typically have low stream gradients and changing cannel systems: stream dominate (Mississippi) wave dominated (nile) tide dominated (ganges) |
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MEANDERING CHANNELS
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meandering streams have single, winding channels that form broad looping curves known as meanders.
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CUT BANK AND POINT BAR
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the bank in the outside is actively eroding and known as the cut bank. flow velocity is lower along the inside of the meander so along this bank, sediment is deposit to form a point bar. |
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OXBOWS
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meanders sometimes become so sinuous that the neck of the land between them can be eroded away during flooding.
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LEVEES
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natural levees build up when a river floods and overflows its banks. at the point of overflow the velocity drops and sediment is deposited. these levees will tend to channelize the flow of future floods.
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TYPES OF FLOODING
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natural and artificial dam failures coastal flooding (hurricanes, tsunamis, cyclones.) river flooding |
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EFFECTS OF FLOODING (PRIMARY EFFECTS) |
water damage to household items structural damages destruction of roads bridges crops loss cemeteries damages loss of life |
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EFFECTS OF FLOODING (SECONDARY AND TERTIARY IMPACTS) |
destruction of farm lands, parks and wildlife habitat electrical services lack of clean water food shortages gas leaks disease related to pollution economic impact |
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UPSTREAM (FLASH) FLOODS
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tend to affect only small localised areas and generally caused by intense storms or dam failures. easily absorbed downstream but their high energy causes considerably damage
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DOWNSTREAM (RIVERINE) FLOODS
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affect large stream systems in large drainage basins as a result of prolonged rain or snowmelt events. buildings tend to get wet and muddy rather than being destroyed
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IN CLOSURE FOUR KEY OBJECTIVES CONSIDERED
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1. protect public health and safety 2. alleviate or eliminate environmental damage 3. achieve a productive use of the land, or a return to its original condition or an acceptable alternative 4. to the extent achievable, provide for sustainability of social and economic benefits resulting from mine development operations |
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AMD ACID MINE DRAINAGE |
is acidic water (pH < 5.0) containing elevated concentrations of iron, sulphate, and other metals that forms under natural conditions when geologic materials bearing metal sulphides are exposed to oxidizing environments
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ALKALINE MINE DRAINAGE
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is water that has a pH of 6.0 or above, contains alkalinity, but may still have dissolved metals that can create acid by oxidation and hydrolysis.
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DELETERIOUS METAL GENERATION
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deleterious metals are those metals which in low concentration pose serious health effects to human and aquatic life.
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TOXICITY TESTING
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sulphate toxicity at the steep rock mine is evident from the following: yellowing of the fronds decrease in numbers from the control sample deformations |
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TOXICITY IDENTIFICATION EVAUATION (TIE) PHASE I |
identify the general toxicant(s): metals, nonpolar organics, volatiles, ammonia, sulphate, acid, etc.
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TOXICITY IDENTIFICATION EVAUATION(TIE)PHASE II
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precisely determine what metal or metals (As vs Hg) and what specific metal complex is causing the toxicity (Hg or methyl-Hg)
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TOXICITY IDENTIFICATION EVAUATION(TIE)PHASE III
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statistical confirmation and recommended remediation
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REMEDATION OF AMD
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NATURAL REMEDIATION (do nothing approach) ACTIVE PASSIVE |
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REMEDATION OF AMD REQUIRES?
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acid neutralization (pH 6.8 - 8.0)/ increase alkalinity removal of metals (to concentration below toxic level, not necessarily drinking water quality) removal of sulphate |
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VALLEY GLACIERS
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are tongues of confined mountain valleys through which they flow from higher to lower elevation. like streams, many valley glaciers have smaller tributary glaciers. several km wide 200 km long and hundreds of meters thick.
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CONTINENTAL GLACIERS
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or ice sheets, cover at least 50 000 km2 and are unconfined by topography, blanket like accumulations of snow and ice that drape the land surface and flow outward in all directions from a central area of greatest thickness toward thinner areas along the margins. Antarctica and Greenland where thickness exceeds 3000 m.
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BULLDOZING, PLUCKING, AND ABRASION |
1. takes place as a glacier shoves or pushes unconsolidated material along its path. 2. results when glacial ice freezes in the crevices of a bedrock projection and eventually pulls loose blocks of the rock. 3. takes place as bedrock underlying a glacier is eroded by the flowing sediment-laden ice. |
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