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62 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
A natural hazard is a threat to people or property in a short term or long term future
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a possible eruption of Mount Rainier that would devastate Seattle, Washington
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Relative age dating describes the order of events but not their exact age in years
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Angela is older than karen
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When a researcher publishes research in a national journal, what part of the scientific method is he or she most likely involved with?
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a hypothesis
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which of the layers is considered the brittle outer layer of the Earth?
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lithosphere
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what is evidence for Wegener's continental drift hypothesis?
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the jigsaw-puzzle fit of the continents
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Earth's magnetic field is generated by its outer core the
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???
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Beneath Earth's lithosphere, the hotter, weaker zone known as the ______ allows for motion of Earth's rigid outer shell.
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asthenosphere
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which boundary is characterized as a long, linear rise in the sea floor, with shallow earthquakes and volcanic activity found along its length?
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divergent boundary
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deep ocean trenches are formed by
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the subduction of lithosphere into the asthenosphere
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where geographically can you find transform falts?
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near the Mid-Atlantic Ridge and along the San Andreas transform plate boundary
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what is the remarkable realizations associated with the discovery of seafloor spreading?
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The crust of the oceans is very young relative to the age of the continental crust
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Hawaiian Islands are formed as a result of
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a mantle plume
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why is sugar NOT considered a mineral?
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it is an organic compound
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two isotopes differ from one another because they have
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different numbers of neutrons
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What is a characteristic not considered a physical property of a mineral?
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silicate structure
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Out of the named 4000 minerals, how many are abundant?
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a few dozen
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A single silica tetrahendron has
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1) atoms are strongly bonded together
2)cations can bond to it 3)it has a net negative charge |
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Minerals such as biotite are dark because of their
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iron content
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The mineral quartz is an example of a
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three-dimensional framework silicate
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if you were to fill a bottle with clay, iron fillings, water, and air, shake its contents, and then let it sit, what would you expect to see from bottom to top?
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iron, clay, water, air
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The speed at which seismic waves travel through Earth's layers depends largely on
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the temperature and composition of the material
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Evidence supporting the conclusion that Earth's mantle convects comes from
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Large super plumes of hot rick rising from the core-mantle boundary
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As a result of partial melting, magma originates in
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the mantle and crust
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When lava erupts at Earth's surface, what type of rock is produced?
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extrusive
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Pyroclastic debris from a volcanic eruption can include
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ash and cinders
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Why does magma have a tendency to rise after it formation?
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it is less dense than the surrounding rock
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Most igneous rocks never reach the surface, However, igneous rocks other than those formed in volcanoes are found exposed on many parts of earth. How do you account for this phenomenon?
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they formed at depth and have been exposed by uplift and erosion
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Most igneous rocks are primarily composed of
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silicate minerals
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The light silicate minerals include
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muscovite, orthoclase feldspar, plagioclase feldspar, and quartz
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what element is principally responsible for making olivine, pyroxene, amphibole, and biotite dark?
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iron
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Basaltic igneous rock contain which minerals
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pyroxene and calcium-rich plagioclase feldspar
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A geologist sends you a sample that was collected in teh field. You find that it is a gray-colored igneous rock containing amphibole and intermediate plagioclase feldspar. Using Bowen's Reaction Series as a guide, how would you describe its composition?
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andesitic
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Which of the following igneous rocks contains no minerals?
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obsidian
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what is the term used to describe a very large, widespread, and deep intrusive body of igneous rock?
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batholith
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In what type of igneous feature would you find rocks with a vesicular texture?
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the surface of a lava flow
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working in the field, you see a thin, dark-colored igneous still across the valley. Without seeing the sill up close, what texture would you expect to possess?
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fine-grained
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working in the field, you come upon a light-colored, fine-grained igneous rock that contains some very large dark-colored crystals. How do you account for this complex mineralogy?
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the dark crystals formed first, undergoing slow cooling, and the remainder cooled quickly.
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what is the classification of igneous rock based on?
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composition and texture
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Basalt is an igneous rock that can be identified by its small crystals. What are they composed of ?
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pyroxene and calcium-rich plagioclase feldspar
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AN igneous rock that contains quarts and potassium feldspar would have a mineralogic content placing it in the range of
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granitic or felsic rock
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What is a coarse-grained rock composed of intermediate plagioclase feldspar and pyroxene?
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diorite
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what is a fine-grained igneous rock composed primarily of water small crystals of potassium feldspar and a few large crystals of quartz?
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rhyolite porphyry
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physical geology
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Materials composing Earth and processes
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Historical geology
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Origin of Earth and its development through time
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Scientific method
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involves gathering facts through observation and formulation of hypotheses and theories
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Hypothesis
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a tentative or untested explantation
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Theory
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a well tested and widely accepted view
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Earth' sinterior layers
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Crust
mantle core |
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Two Types of Crust
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continental crust
oceanic crust |
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Plate Tectonics
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earth's surface is composed of a few large, thick plates that move slowly and change in size
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Intense geologic activity is concentrated at
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plate boundaries
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paleomagnetism
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uses mineral magnetic alignment direction and dip angle to determine the direction and distance to the magnetic pole when rocks formed
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Seafloor spreading
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sea floor moves away form the mid oceanic ridge due to mantle convection
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Tectonic plates
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are composed of the relatively rigid lithosphere
lithosphere thickness and age of seafloor increase with distance from and oceanic ridge |
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Divergent plate boundaries
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plates move away from each other. Marked by rifting basaltic volcanism and eventual ridge uplift
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Convergent plate boundaries
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plates move toward one another.
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Transform plate boundaries
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plates slide horizontally past one another.
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Mantle plumes and hot spots
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narrow columns of hot mantle rock rise through the mantle.
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Mineral definition
geologic definition of a mineral is specialized: |
naturally occurring
solid formed geologically definite chemical composition crystalline structure inorganic |
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Rocks
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rocks are earths materials from minerals
granite potassium feldspar quartz homblende |
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Crystalline structure
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is based on atomic patterns
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Polymorphs
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same composition but different crystal structure
diamond and graphite are carbon polymorphs (C) Diamond strongest graphite weakest |