Use LEFT and RIGHT arrow keys to navigate between flashcards;
Use UP and DOWN arrow keys to flip the card;
H to show hint;
A reads text to speech;
41 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
The Kaiserreich |
1871, a range of states come together to form germany Prussia is the strongest, so rules everything (Kaiser from there) Prussians believe in militarism (strong army) Kaiser is head of all armed forces and all that goes on in German y Reichstag: German parliament, elected by People. Could pass laws Could be ignored by Kaiser Bundesrat: Consultants to Kaiser over his laws 1 rep. per state |
|
Wilhelm II |
Reigned 1888-1918 Took Germany into WW I Sacked people who didn't follow orders Wanted German y to be strong and powerful, like England. He wanted a "place in the sun" Vastly helped Germany industrialise, allowed for rich to get richer, and poor to get poorer |
|
Opposition to Kaiserreich |
Comunism (Karl Marx) SPD, founded by August Debel and William Liebknecht SPD won many things in German parliament, such as healthcare provision Was largest party in 1912 |
|
German Navy Laws |
Grand Admiral Alfred von Tirptz was allowed to get what he wanted for the navy: 1 flagship 5 squadrons each of 8 battleships 40 cruisers 144 torpedo boats 72 submarines Taxes were raised, a lot of debt was there |
|
Weltpolitik |
Expansion of colonies 1914 German empire Africa (little of it) Kiaochao (china) Kaiser Wilhelm Land, Paupa New Guinea |
|
Early Weimar Government, president |
In for 7 years Head of state Controlled the armed forces Article 48: In emergency, President can make laws without Reichstag |
|
Early Weimar Government, Chancellor |
Member of Reichstag Elected by President, can be replaced at any time Needs majority in Reichstag to pass laws or do anything |
|
Early Weimar Threats, Communism |
Communists wanted closer links to Russia, rather than America Spartacists Held Strikes that turned violent, put down by FreiKorps (Old soldiers turned police) 'Bloody Week' Killed 100 people Gives Hitler a window to rise |
|
Early Weimar Threats, Nationalists |
Angry about Treaty of Versailles Germany was now week, people hated it Some people still had private armies Kapp Putsch: tried to take Berlin, got government to flee, tried to set up own government, which was gone in 5 days |
|
Early Weimar Threats, Econemy |
French and Belgians took over Ruhr 1923 German Government ordered workers to strike, Germany now had no income Printed more money, led to Hyperinflation, lost all monetary value of the Mark Had to rely on USA for money |
|
Munish Putsch |
Nazi attempt to overthrow the Bavarian Government November 1923 Invaded a Beer Hall where leading politicians were located, got them to swear allegiance Let free by General Ludendorff, where they renounced support Hitler found and put on trial, where he talked his way out of a long sentence (9 months) |
|
Gustav Stresemann |
Elected to Reichstag in 1920 and spent next 3 years there became Chancellor 1923, where he resigned after 3 months 1924, became FOreign Secretary, which he filled to great effect for 4 years |
|
Stresemann Fixes: Hyperinflation |
Rentenmark, temporary currency implemented November 1923, if this fails, government provides shares for the people Reichsmark, implemented August 1924, controlled by Reichsbank Deposits rose, 900m marks 1924 - 4.9b marks 1926 |
|
Stresemann Fixes: Versailles Reparations |
April 1924, Dawes Plan Negotiated - Annual Payments reduced from 6.6b to 1.8b -American banks agree to invest 800 mil into German Industry |
|
Stresemann Fixes: International Relations |
Locarno Pact: Britain, France, Belgium, Italy 1926 Joins League of Nations 1928 Kellogg-Briand Pact signed, won't go to war unless for Defence |
|
Stresemann Fixes: German Industry |
Builds new factories, houses, schools, roads to get new jobs using some of the USA's money Slowly became prosperous But too reliant on US econemy |
|
Golden Age
|
Cinema is v. popular Night life is rich, plays operas theatre popular Art FLourished (e.g. Otto Dix and George Grosz) Bauhaus Design Literature flourished (all quiet on the western front by Erich Remarque selling 0.5 mil copies in 3 months) |
|
Depression and Wall Street Crash |
Many normal Americans purchased shares October 129, millions decide to sell their shares, companies become bankrupt Millions lost their jobs American Banks demanded all money back, where banks took from businesses, and they went bankrupt 6.1 mil unemployed in 1933 |
|
Hitler to power, elections: 1930 |
coalition government led by Heinrich Bruning unpopular, so new election held Nazis get 107, more than the expected 50 Kept pushing |
|
Hitler to power, elections: 1932 |
Bruning resigns, replaced by Hindenburg by Franz von Papen Von Papen didn't have much support, election called Nazis had 230 seats, largest party Hitler demands chancellor, Hindenburg refuses |
|
Hitler election |
Tries to put in Von Papen and Kurt von Schleicher, had no support Hitler elected January 1933, tries to restrict him |
|
How Hitler dismantles democracy |
27 Feb: Reichstag Fire (Dutch communist) 18 Feb: Protection Law (Could deal with german problems) 23 March: Enabling Act (Hitler can now make laws himself) 26 April: Take over of local government and police 2 May: Trade Unions Banned, can't complain any more 30 Jun 1934: Night of the Long Knives, SA dismantled 14 July 1934: All political Parties banned except Nazis |
|
Work and bread for the people: National Labour Service |
18-25 year old men Wore uniforms, lived in camps and were given pocket money and free meals Unemployment figures dropped, reduced benefits cost |
|
Work and bread for the people: Construction |
1933, Nazis create new AUtobahns to link cities -By 1938, 3,800 km of highway built New schools and hospitals built |
|
Work and bread for the people: Conscription and Rearmament |
1935: wants to build an army
All 18-25 year olds had to join for at least 2 years from 100,000 men to 1.4 mil men in 1940 THousands of new jobs created building tanks, battleships and fighter planes |
|
Work and bread for the people: Economics Round 1 |
Wanted tight control over the economy to invest in the military 1933: Hjalmar Schacht appointed minister of Economics: -Saw that germany needed iron,steel, rubber and wood -Signed deals with other countries to secure these, sacked because of this |
|
Work and bread for the people: Economics Round 2 |
Hermann Goering then put in Schacht's position (1936), was Hitler's right hand man Introduces 4 year plan to get germany ready for war -Increased military production, huge contracts for this -attempts at self-sufficiency, artificially making non-natural German products |
|
Work and bread for the people: Trade Unions |
Banned all other trade unions except their own, The Deutsche Arbeitsfront (DAF) 2 Schemes to improve worker's lives: -The Beauty of Labour- Improved Working conditions such as adding sport facilities -Strength through Joy- gave workers leisure activities such as cruises or football tickets Introduces Volkswagen to produce affordable cars |
|
Nazis and Women: Helping Hitler |
Upping Birth rate after Weimar Government lowered it Women had to make a good meal out of a small amount Had to get children loyal to Hitler with their message through childhood |
|
Nazis and Women: Life for Women |
-Kinder: Children -Kirche: Church -Kuche: Cooking//kitchen Female workers sacked, couldn't work in Nazi Germany Promoted to stay at home and have lots of children (Motherhood Medal + Gold Cross) Contraception and Abortion was banned New Couples given loans based on how many children they had |
|
Nazis and Women: People not allowed to have children |
"Law for the prevention of Diseased Offspring" Women with hereditary/mental disease in their family were sterilised Same with Jewish Women |
|
Nazis and the Church |
Hitler wanted Nazis ideals to become the new religion Churches were also powerful threatened his rule Concordat: Agreement with Pope to not interfere with each other Nazis did break this, and Pope sent letter to Catholic churches opposing Hitler Reich Church introduced (Protestant Nazi Church) Confessional Church also introduced (Anti-Nazi Protestant Church) (Led by Pastor Niemoller and Bundhuffer |
|
Nazi Racial Policies |
Social Darwinism (The strongest in society survive) Nazi Beliefs: -Conflict between races was inevitable -Aryan 'master race' -These were undermined by undesirable races and undesirable aryans -Had to get rid of these people |
|
Nazis vs Jews: The Start |
1933 Begins state-led attack on Jews Boycotted their businesses, barred access to their shops, completely separated from society, sacking them from influential jobs such as teaching or newspaper editors November 1938, Kristallnacht, Himmler an SS lead attacks on Jewish Businesses, breaking them |
|
Nazis vs Jews: Nuremberg Laws |
Jews can't marry non-Jews Had to wear Star of David Jewish children expelled from non-Jewish schools Banned from German citizenship |
|
Undesirables
|
Tramps: -Don't contribute anything -by 1945, 350,000 sterilized (Hitler Cut) Homosexuals: -Nazis don't agree that anything that is private stays private -Homosexuals don't reproduce -10-15 thousand imprisoned -Either castrated of subjected to experiments to correct their sexuality Disabled: -Not the fittest is society -"Mercy Killing" resulted in 280,000 deaths |
|
Escalation of Prosecution |
Kristallnacht Not many opposition arose due to fear of Gestapo Ghettos introduced (Adolf Eichmann) -Rounded up jews from their occupied countries and moved them to ghettos -Walls were build to separate them -7-8 people per room with 300 calories per day |
|
The Final Solution |
1942, policy changed January 1942, secret conference in Wannsee held to discuss final solution Hitler reluctant to sign papers on this Takes Jews to concentration camps, from prisons to execution sites Death Camps built to kill people a quick as possible Many gassed (Zyklon B) |
|
Nazi Propaganda: Who led it all |
Had to keep current Nazis happy Josef Goebbels given the job to remind them why they voted Nazi and to reassure them Let Germans believe what Hitler wanted them to Basic ideas with short messages and powerful images Limited other ideals, censorship |
|
Nazi Propaganda in Mainstream Media |
Newspapers: -Showed Nazis doing good things -Negative Stories about jews -Non-approved stories shut down Films: -Plots shown to Goebbels before film made -Had to show Nazis in a good way, and 'enemies' in a bad way Radio -Controlled all stations -Put across Nazi idead -Cheap radios mass produced Mass Rallies: -Celebrated Hitler's "greatness" -Special arenas built |
|
Nazi Propaganda in Creative Arts |
Chamber of Culture: -All artists had to join to create -Jews banned -All art had to be nazi propaganda Music: -German/Austrian -Jewish Composers banned, and jazz (african american origins) Theatre: -Jewish theatre banned, as well as cabinet clubs Literature: -Many booked banned and burned -Books about race, glory of war and Nazi brilliance encouraged -Popular weimar books banned Art: -Banned modern art, only wanted pure German art |