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73 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
Fossil |
older than 11 700 years, when the last ice age ended |
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subfossil |
younger than 11 000 years, often studied by archeologists |
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1. Buried Rapidly 2. isolated from destructive factors (scavengers) |
two Most important conditions for fossilization |
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Oxic Conditions |
Benthic organisms destroy dead organism low fossilization chance |
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Anoxic Conditions |
toxic dissolved gasses, high chance of fossilization, only anaerobic bacteria can exist |
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Body fossil |
direct or altered remains of ancient organisms, most common form of fossil |
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trace fossils (ichnofossils) |
evidence of activity |
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chemical fossils (biomarkers) |
organic compounds produced by various organisms. Used to recognize the prganism evolution on earth |
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Recrystallization |
conversion of the organic minerals of the test into a different mineral aragonite --> calcite |
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Mold |
Preserves internal features |
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CAst |
preserves external features |
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replacement |
moldic preservation where the space from the dissolution is filled by a new mineral |
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carbonization |
common in plants, algae, and fish buried deep into earth's crust, all organic material except carbon is expelled |
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congealment |
high latitudes, thick layer of frozen rock and soil |
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Tar Pits |
toxic gasses kill and preserve the organism |
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force |
push or pull that result in the change of motion of a physical body of given mass change in place, position, shape |
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stress |
amount of force per unit area |
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confining stress |
layer is buried deeply in the crust with no magma, motionless stress, equal force |
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differential stress |
compression(push), tension (stretch), shear (opposite directions), forces are diffrent more common then confining stress |
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folds |
result of brittle deformation, rocks break frequently |
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faults |
result of ductile formation, rocks bend instaed of breaking |
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Review kinds of folds and faults*** |
*** |
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Layer of superposition |
younger layers sit atop older layers |
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original layer continuity |
layers of rock are continous until they encounter other solid bodies that block despostion |
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original layer horizontially |
sediments are originally deposited flat |
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John Strachey |
Layers terminate at margins of basin and form all over the basin (rivers, valleys) Layers terminate abruptly at the fault Strachey said Pinchot and inter tonguing occur because of the sea, rock changes at their position. |
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mudcracks, ripple marks |
used to recognize the original position of the sea bottom |
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conformable succession |
strata without depositional breaks |
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non-conformable succession (unconformities) |
strata separated by surfaces of discontinuity |
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disconformity |
sediments below and above and parallel |
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angular unconformity |
erosional surface on tilted or folded starta over which younger strata have been depostited |
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nonconformity |
erosion surface that cuts into metamorphic or igneous rocks covered by sedimetary rocks |
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Review L 19 diagrams |
Lecture 19 |
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radioactive decay |
unstable isotope nucleus can be trasnformed spontanesosly into an isotop with a stable nuclueis configuration |
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half-life |
time it takes for one half of the atoms of the unstable parent element to decay to the atoms of the more stable daughter element |
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deep sea drilling project |
wells drilled to examine sediments at the deepest part of the planetary ocean |
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solar wind |
determined the formation of the earth magnetic field |
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younger sediments |
found near the central parts of the oceans |
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older sediments |
found in the proximity of continental margins |
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change in polarity |
Due to a mass of extremely mobile iron in liquid state |
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pre-rifting |
stretched continental plate begins to rift |
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continental uplift |
rising currents in asthenosphere |
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continental rift |
rising hot rocks |
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East African Rift |
example of a young ocean formation |
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consumption |
subduction zones where oceanic crust is subducted below another oceanic crust, create a deep trench at the bottom of the ocean |
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Wilson Cycle |
alternative way to present tectonics → basin lifespan that begins with rifting of continental and expansion and ends with its closure |
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Primordial soup |
was not alive, mixture of organic molecules in ocean water |
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Oparin |
model on earlier evolution of life, molecules cannot be combined, very accurate, provided the succession of evolution phases on earth |
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Isua supercrustal group |
3.7 - 3.8 billion years of age, first vestiges of primordial soup |
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Miller and urey experimen |
elements subjected to electricity resulted in amino acids |
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Polymerization |
organic molecules combine to make larger molecules |
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apex chart |
oldest unit that has vestiges of ancient life forms |
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3.46 billion years |
age of fossil organisms, produce lots of oxygen through photosynthesis |
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stromatolites |
clusters of organisms |
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Modern stromatolites |
discovered in western australia shark bay |
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Oldest stromatolites |
found in fig tree formation |
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bdb |
dd
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Melanocyrillium: |
energy provided from other organism ingested (first predators) |
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Bangiomorpha |
photosynthetic, marine, demonstrates appearance to sexual reproduction organism |
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lysocline |
border between oxic and anoxic conditions, |
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anticlines |
two branches converge upwards |
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synclines |
two branches converge down |
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James Hutton |
discovered natural selection |
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Dynamos |
created magnetic fields |
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Magnetic field |
In the northern region, the [articles were normally orientated. But as you move down, they start to lose their orientation |
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Normal Polarity |
north geo/magnetic poles. Next to the mid-oceanic range are normal zones, parallel to the ridge are reversed magnetic fields |
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Reversed Polarity |
magnetic zones upside down, return back to normal, then upside down |
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magnetic lines |
influences the location and position of animals, lines become deformed during pole inversion |
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Jurassic age |
evolution of the mid-oceanic range |
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Formation of the Atlantic |
Breaking up of Pangea |
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Ocean formation Model |
Ocean begin from a fracture in a continent Asthenosphere: ocean currents Depression zone strongly elongated over the continent resulting in a lot of plates. Sediments will be eroded from the slopes and deposited in extreme large valleys. Volcanism because hot matter is ejected to the surface. Gas emissions either at surface or arch plates. Africa has a very vast structure. Asthenosphere push causes a fracture on the continent. The two slabs start to move away. |
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benioff plane |
oceanic rift is underneath another ocenaic or continental rift |
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REVIEW L22 |
L 22 |