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67 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
Functions of the pharynx
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1. Respiratory
2. Gastrointestinal 3. Immunologic |
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The airway is _____ to the food way
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anterior
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Layers of the pharyngeal wall are
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mucous membrane
pharyngobasilar fascia muscular layer buccopharyngeal fascia |
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Mucous membrane of the pharyngeal wall is
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Respiratory epithelium above soft palate
b. Stratified squamous below soft palate |
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Pharyngobasilar fascia is
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a. Above pharyngeal constrictor
b. Dense submucosa |
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Muscular layer of the pharyngeal wall is
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a. Outer circular
b. Inner longitudinal |
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Structures above superior constrictor
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a. Cartilage of the auditory tube
b. Levator veli palatini muscle c. Ascending palatine artery |
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Structures between superior and middle constrictors
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a. Stylopharyngeus muscle
b. Glossopharyngeal nerve |
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Structures between middle and inferior constrictors
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a. Superior laryngeal artery
b. Internal branch of superior laryngeal nerve |
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Structures below inferior constrictor
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a. Inferior laryngeal artery
b. Inferior laryngeal nerve |
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Subdivisions of the pharynx
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1. Nasopharynx
2. Oropharynx 3. Laryngeal pharynx |
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Openings of the Pharynx
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1. Choanae
2. Auditory (pharyngotympanic) tubes 3. Isthmus of the fauces (opening into oropharynx) 4. Superior aperture of the larynx 5. Opening into esophagus |
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Surface features of the nasopharynx
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a. Opening of auditory tube
b. Torus tubarius c. Torus levatorius (levator cushion) d. Salpingopalatine fold e. Salpingopharyngeal fold f. Pharyngeal recess g. Pharyngeal tonsil |
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Surface features of the oropharynx
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a. Palatoglossal arch
b. Palatine tonsil c. Palatopharyngeal arch d. Lateral glossoepiglottic fold e. Epiglottic vallecula f. Median glossoepiglottic fold g. Lingual tonsil h. Terminal sulcus |
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Surface features of the laryngeal pharynx
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. Epiglottis
b. Aryepiglottic fold c. Piriform recess |
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Lymphatic drainage of the pharynx
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1. The pharyngeal lymphatic (tonsillar) ring around the superior pharynx is formed of the pharyngeal, tubal, palatine, and lingual tonsils.
2. Regional Drainage |
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Nasopharynx lymphatic drainage
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to retropharyngeal and superior deep cervical nodes
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Soft palate lymphatic drainage
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to superior deep cervical nodes
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Oropharynx lymph drainage
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to superior deep cervical nodes
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Laryngeal pharynx lymph drainage
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to superior deep cervical nodes
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Palatine aponeurosis
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1. Central layer of the soft palate
2. Attached to hard palate anteriorly 3. Attached to muscles posteriorly and laterally |
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Tensor veli palatini
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a. Arises from scaphoid fossa and cartilage of auditory tube
b. Descends vertically c. Tendon passes around hamulus d. Inserts in palatine aponeurosis e. Pulls laterally on palate |
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Levator veli palatini
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a. Arises from petrous part of temporal bone
b. Slants inferiorly, anteriorly, and medially c. Inserts in upper surface of palatine aponeurosis d. Pulls upward on palate |
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Uvular muscle
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a. Arises from palatine aponeurosis
b. Courses posteriorly c. Inserts in uvula |
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Palatopharyngeus
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a. Arises from palatine aponeurosis
b. Passes behind palatine tonsil c. Spreads out on inner surface of pharyngeal wall |
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Palatoglossus
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a. Arises from inferior aspect of palatine aponeurosis
b. Passes in front of palatine tonsil c. Inserts into side of tongue |
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Submucosa of the soft palate
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1. Loose connective tissue
2. Palatine (minor salivary) glands |
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Mucous membrane of the soft palate
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1. Non-keratinized epithelium
a. Stratified squamous on oral side b. Pseudostratified ciliated columnar on nasal side 2. Abundant blood vessels (to be studied later) |
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During speech- Closure of the _______ occurs
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nasopharynx
1. Side walls of pharyngeal isthmus are brought inward a. Palatopharyngeus b. Salpingopharyngeus c. Stylopharyngeus 2. Soft palate is elevated by levator veli palatini |
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During swallowing stage one is ______
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voluntary; the bolus is compressed against the palate and pushed from the mouth into the oropharynx, mainly by movements of the muscles of the tongue and soft palate.
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During swallowing stage two is _____
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involuntary and rapid; the soft palate is elevated, sealing off the nasopharynx from the oropharynx and laryngopharynx. The pharynx widens and shortens to receive the bolus of food as the suprahyoid muscles and longitudinal pharyngeal muscles contract, elevating the larynx.
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During swallowing stage three is
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nvoluntary; sequential contraction of all three constrictor muscles forces the food bolus inferiorly into the esophagus.
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Thyroid cartilage of the larynx
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a. Shield-shaped
b. Open posteriorly c. Suspended from hyoid d. Articulates below with cricoid |
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Cricoid cartilage of the larynx
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only complete ring in airway
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Epiglottic cartilage of the larynx
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a. Petal-shaped
b. Attached to inside of the "V" of the thyroid c. Elastic |
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Arytenoid cartilage of the larynx
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a. Pyramidal
b. Articulate with top of cricoid lamina c. Attached to back of vocal ligament |
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Articulations of the larynx-synovial joints
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1. Cricothyroid
2. Cricoarytenoid |
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Quadrangular membrane
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a. Begins within the aryepiglottic fold
b. Ends inferiorly in the vestibular ligament |
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Elastic cone
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a. Begins at cricoid cartilage
b. Ends at vocal ligaments c. Also called cricothyroid ligament |
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Vocal ligaments are in the upper free borders of the _____
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elastic cone
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Attachments of the vocal ligaments
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(a) Inside the "V" of the thyroid cartilage
(b) Vocal process of arytenoid cartilage |
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Median cricothyroid ligament
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(1) Anterior thickening of elastic cone
(2) Attaches cricoid and thyroid cartilages |
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Membranes and ligaments of the larynx
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quadrangular membrane
elastic cone Thyrohyoid membrane |
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Cavity of the larynx includes
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vestibule
ventricle infraglottic cavity |
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Vestibule
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a. Begins at superior laryngeal aperture
b. Ends at vestibular folds |
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Ventricles of the larynx
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a. Lateral expansions of laryngeal cavity below vestibular folds
b. End inferiorly at vocal folds |
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Infraglottic cavity of the larynx
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a. Expansion of laryngeal cavity below the vocal folds
b. Beginning of the lower airway c. Continues into trachea at lower border of cricoid |
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Muscles of the larynx are arranged to
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control movements of the different cartilages on each other and to control the size of the airway within the larynx.
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Cricothyroid
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a. Tenses the vocal folds
b. Innervated by the external branch of the superior laryngeal nerve |
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Transverse and oblique arytenoids
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a. Note that the arytenoid muscle also adduct the vocal folds.
b. Innervated by the inferior laryngeal nerve |
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Posterior cricoarytenoid
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a. Only muscle that abducts the vocal folds
b. Innervated by the inferior laryngeal nerve |
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Vocalis muscle
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a. A portion of the thyroarytenoid
b. Fine adjustments in tension of the vocal folds to permit the production of sound. c. Innervated by the inferior laryngeal nerve |
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Superior laryngeal nerve (Innervation by CNX)
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a. Internal branch supplies sensory innervation above vocal folds
b. External branch supplies cricothyroid muscle |
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Internal branch of superior laryngeal nerve supplies
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sensory innervation above vocal folds
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External branch of superior laryngeal nerves supplies
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External branch supplies cricothyroid muscle
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Inferior laryngeal nerve
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a. Supplies sensory innervation below vocal folds
b. Supplies all intrinsic muscles except cricothyroid |
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Arteries to the larynx include
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superior laryngeal artery
inferior laryngeal artery |
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Superior laryngeal artery
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(1) From superior thyroid artery
(2) Supplies larynx above vocal folds |
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Inferior laryngeal artery
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(1) From inferior thyroid artery
(2) Supplies larynx below vocal folds |
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Veins to the larynx _____
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parallel arteries;
inferior and superior laryngeal veins |
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Functions of the larynx
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vocalization
closure of the superior laryngeal aperture (guarding the airway) valsalva maneuver (closure of vestibular folds) |
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Vocalization
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1. Vibrations set up in exhaled air by slight opening of glottis
2. Selective closure of the glottis modulates vibrations |
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"Closure" of Superior Laryngeal Aperture (Guarding the Airway)
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1. During swallowing and vomiting
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Valsalva Maneuver (closure of vestibular folds)
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1. Coughing or sneezing
2. Lifting, pushing, etc. 3. Urination, defecation, parturition, or vomiting |
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The temporal lines are the _______and ______ boundaries of the temporal fossa
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posterior and superior
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The frontal and zygomatic bones are the______boundary of the temporal fossa
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anterior
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A plane that passes from the zygomatic arch to the infratemporal crest of the sphenoid is the
______boundary of the temporal fossa |
inferior
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