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50 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
Peers |
Child compared to individuals who share the same age or maturity level |
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Reciprocal Interaction |
talking back and forth |
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Social Cognition |
understanding motivation of other people's behavior. |
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Emotional self-regulation |
being able to control your emotions |
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Sociometric Status |
assessed by asking children to rate how much they like or dislike a classmate |
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What are the 5 peer statuses? |
Popular - considered best friend, liked by everyone. Average - average number of both positive and negative likes/dislikes. Neglected - considered best friend, but not disliked by their peers. Rejected - not best friend, disliked by peers. Controversial - best friend, being disliked. |
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Bullying |
Popular with peers. Verbal or physical behavior intended to disturb someone less powerful. Boys more likely to be bullies |
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Peers and Conformity |
Usually is in the 9th grade |
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Clique |
Small groups that range from 2 - 12 individual and average of about 5 to 6. |
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Crowd |
larger than cliques and less personal. Usually based on reputation and may not spend much time together otherwise. |
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Functions of Friendship are? |
Companionship. Stimulation Ego Support Social Comparison Affection and Intimacy |
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Constructivism |
A student centered approach, that emphasizes child learns in own way, freedom to interact, with guidance from teacher. |
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Direct Instruction |
Alot of drills, memorize, rules to follow. Teacher centered class |
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No Child Left Behind (NCLB) |
Assessing the students is to narrow. Alot of criticism. |
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Child Centered Kindergarten |
Education that involves the whole child by considering both the child's physical, cognitive, and socio-emotional development and the child's needs, interests, and learning styles. |
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Teacher Centered |
Teacher teaches curriculum, not considering childs needs or learning needs. |
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Head Start |
compensatory program designed to give children from low income families the opportunity to acquire skills and experiences that are important for success in school |
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Self-esteem and early school years. |
Self-esteem goes down |
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Stressors in Middle School are? |
peer pressure, bullies, drugs. |
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Top Dog Phenomena |
The circumstance of moving from the top position in elementary school to the youngest, smallest, and least powerful position in middle or junior high school. |
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Adult Education |
Mostly Woman |
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ADHD |
A disability in which children consistently show one or more of the following characteristics:
Inattention Hyperactivity Impulsivity |
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Learning Disabilities |
when someone has average IQ but doesn't do well in a couple areas.
CT scans - integrating things from different parts of brain. |
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Death Systems |
U.S. culture to death; denial to death, use eupheisms; passed on |
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Reincarnation |
Hindu's believe |
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Kubler-Ross stages of dying are? |
Denial and Isolation Anger Bargaining Depression Acceptance |
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Childhood death rates? |
200 years ago, almost 1 of every 2 children died before the age of 10, and one parent died before the children grew up.
In 1900, a life expectancy was 47 years old. Today it has increased to 78 years old. |
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When is someone considered dead? |
25 years ago, no respirations, no pulse, no BP, rigor mortis. Now, brain death is a neurological definition of death. When all electrical activity of the brain has ceased for a specified period of time. A flat EEG.
Includes bothe the higher cortical functions - Personality and intelligence, and the lower brain stem functions, control heartbeat and respirations.
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Active euthanasia |
Lethal Injection |
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Passive euthanasia |
withholding of available treatments, such as life sustaining devices, allowing the person to die |
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Palliative Care |
emphasized in hospice care; involves reducing pain and suffering and helping individuals die with dignity. |
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SIDS |
Sudden Infant Death Syndrome.
Do not know cause |
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Adolescent Suicide |
physical illnesses, mental disorders, feelings of hopelessness, social isolation, failure in school and work, loss of loved ones, serious financial difficulties, drug use, and a prior suicide attempt.
3rd leading causing of death in 10 to 19 year olds in U.S. |
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Factors in Growth and Development are? |
Biological, socioemotional, cognitive, environmental |
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Erikson's stage theory |
8 stages / crisis / further healthy development |
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Piaget's stage theory |
key characteristics, thinking, 4 stages of cognitive development |
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Psychoanalytic Theory |
stress in development - early experiences with parents are emphasized. Development primarily unconscious and heavily colored by emotion. |
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Phenotype |
Observable and measurable characteristics of an individual, such as height, hair color, intelligence. |
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Dominant - Recessive Genes |
one gene of a pair always exerts its effect; it is dominant, overriding the potential influence of the other gene, called the recessive gene.
A recessive gene exerts its influence only if the two genes of a pair are both recessive.
Brown hair, farsightedness, and dimples rule over blond hair, nearsightedness, and freckles. |
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Piaget's Stages of Cognitive Development |
Sensorimotor Stage - Birth to 2 years; sensory experiences with physical actions. Preoperational Stage - 2 to 7 years; words and images, symbolic thinking, focus on wrong details. Concrete Operational - 7 to 11 years; reason logically, classify objects into sets. Formal Operational - 11 thru Adulthood; reasons more abstract, idealistic and logical ways. |
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Object Permanence |
9 to 10 months old, can mentally represent objects. |
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metacognition |
thinking about thinking. knowing about knowing. |
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Short Term Memory lasts? |
15 to 30 seconds. |
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Intelligence |
ability to solve problems and to adapt and learn from experience. |
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Self-Awareness |
knowing your weaknesses, strengths. Understanding your psychological makeup. |
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Gender differences in boys and girls are? |
Boys more physically aggressive. Girls more verbally aggressive. |
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Determinants of sexual orientation are? |
genetic, hormonal, cognitive, environmental, |
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Kohlberg's stages of moral development |
6 stages of Moral Development. PreConventional Reasoning - based on consequence of doing it, based on external rewards and punishments. Conventional Reasoning - individuals abide by the standards of others such as parents or the laws of society. PostConventional Reasoning - highest level; recognizes alternative moral courses, explores the options, and then decides on a personal moral code. Universal Ethical Principles - the person has developed a moral standard based on universal human rights. faced with a conflict between law and conscience, person reasons that conscience should be followed. Value of life more important that property.
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Effectiveness of rewards and punishments. |
Need to be consistent and in a timely manner. |
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Erikson's Stages of Development |
Trust versus Mistrust - Infancy to 1 year old. Autonomy versus shame and doubt - 1 to 3 Initiative versus guilt - 3 to 5 Industry versus Inferiority - 6 to puberty Intimacy versus Isolation - 20's, 30's Integrity versus despair = 60's onward |