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To promote human and

community well-being.

Guided by a person in environment construct,

a global perspective,

respect for human diversity,

and knowledge based on scientific inquiry.

“a profound change in the thoughts, perceptions, and values that form a particular vision of reality.”

The process through which people gain the power and resources necessary to

shape their worlds and

reach their full human potential.

The careful and deliberate determination of whether to accept, reject, or suspend judgment about a claim.

The process of analyzing “texts” or perspectives “that is sensitive to marginalized voices.”

Identify biases, view them as problematic, and “de-cetner them.”

By moving marginalized voices to the center we begin to have a more inclusive understanding of reality.

Biological Purist view: 4-5 pure races; entirely different from one another.

Genotype- genetic structure or foundation

Phenotype- physical characteristics and appearance.

Social- “race is primarily about culture and social structure, not biology, it has some relationship to biology but is primarily a sociopolitical construct.(to extend and maintain power).

The sorting of people into race is done by powerful groups for the purposes of maintaining and extending power.

“From the point of view of the dominant group,racial distinctions are a necessary tool of dominance.

A set of cultural behaviors and attitudes integrated into the practice methods of a system, agency, or its professionals, that enables them to work effectively in cross cultural situations.

Availability- of services and bicultural/bilingual personnel

Accessibility- costs of services, hours of services, location

Acceptability- the degree to which services are compatible with the cultural values and traditions of the clientele.

Surface structure- using familiar language, food, dress and music to targeted population

Deep structure- understanding how these and other socio-demographic and ethnic differences affect ethnic, cultural, social, environmental, and historical factors of behavior.

Socially defined on the basis of cultural criteria:

• Customs
  
• Traditions
  
• Values
  

The world views that most influenced the environments that make up our worlds.

• Positivistic
  
• Scientific
  
• Objective
  
• Quantitative
  

World views that have had less influence and have been less prominent in shaping our own and others’ views about humans and their environments.

Subjective

Interpretative

Intuitive

Qualitative thinking

Interrelatedness

Positive elements of human diversity

Feminist thinking

Commitment to action to end oppression.

Respects personal experience as important,valuable information.

Assumes “reality” itself is not objective, but rather simply constructed by those who interpret it.

Importance of Spirituality & Religion

Belief that knowledge is gained through objective observations about the world around us.

Departure from humanism ( insufficient way of viewing the world)- belief that scientific methods of study were best suited for understanding the world.

Positivism- empirical evidence- observing through our senses; pre-supposes that all people will perceive one event the same way.

The tendency to see one’s own group as more important, more valuable than others.

Can lead to oppression of other races/cultures.

“The rule of fathers.”

A society in which formal power over public decision and policy making is held by adult men.

one considers or people of color as a group are inferior to whites because of physical traits.

Belief that these physical traits are determinants of inferior social behavior and moral or intellectual qualities, and ultimately presumes that this inferiority is a legitimate basis for inferior social treatment.

those established laws, customs, and practices which systematically reflect and produce racial inequalities in society…whether or not the individuals maintaining those practices have racist intentions.

the belief in the inferiority of the implements, handicrafts, agriculture, economics, music, art, religious beliefs, traditions,language and story of people of color.

Powerful but often unspoken and taken-for-granted sense that one fits, that one is an active and powerful participant and partner in defining and making decisions about one’s world.

It is the sense that one’s worldview is in fact dominant. --> benefits at expense of others.

A conceptual framework and mode of analysis that has analyzed the status of women, cross-culturally and historically to explain dynamics and conditions undergirding disparities in sociocultural status and power between majority and minority populations.

Benefits accrue to those of us who reflect characteristics of the “norm of rightness” and who “fit” the dimensions of the traditional and dominant paradigm.

i.e., skin color privilege, “whiteness”

Taken-for-granted elements of privilege

Can be related to feminist theory·

Incorporates the power of people’s personal stories and experiences as avenues to understanding human behavior and for bringing about social change. (relation to feminism)

What we do as individuals influence the social and political environment.

constructs meaning

organizes cultural practices;

how people represent and understand their world and how they relate to others.

Labels applied to racial/ethnic groups are of major significance.

Implications for access to power, distribution of resources, and for social policy and practice.

Labels can be inclusive or exclusive

describes the ability of some groups to impose a label of “deviant” on certain other members of society.”

Traditional Theoretical Approach

Sees human beings as naturally caring and cooperative but also rather undisciplined.

They need some regulation-->made through concensus.

Society is a harmonious unit, made of interrelated parts working together.

TRADITIONAL:

• Sees society as composed of groups fiercely competing for scarce
  resources.
• Alliances or cooperation may prevail on the surface, but beneath the
  surface is a struggle for power.
• Coercion view of the social order.
  
• Humans = self-interested and competitive-->forced into conflict
  with one another over such scarce resources as wealth and power.
  
• Less powerful groups and classes controlled by more powerful
  groups and classes.
  

TRADITOINAL:

Focuses on the nature & meaning of the interactions between and among humans.

(more micro approach)

Behavior less scripted.

Freedom in how they are going to play the parts.

1. Exchange Theory
   
   
2. Symbolic Interaction Theory
   
   
3. Draumaturgical Theory
   

Proposes that human interaction involves rational calculations.

People calculate how much pleasure and pain they are likely to experience in current social situations based on their experience in past situations.

They seek to repeat pleasurable situations and to avoid painful ones.

Interaction also involves a subjective, symbolic process.

Suggests that before interacting, human beings size up one another in terms of these symbolic meanings (ex. Woman, instructor, student, etc.)

Portrays people as actors in the literal sense.

We act out our everyday lives on the succession of stages (social situations).

We script scenes to serve our interests.

We dress ourselves in the costumes of the characters we play.

Seeks to explain behavior as action taken in accordance with agreed-upon rules of behavior for persons occupying given positions.

Example: we may behave in accordance with our roles as parent, sibling, worker, student, teacher, etc.

Traditional theory of individual development focusing on internal/often unconscious origins of human behavior.

One of the most influential theories for explaining human behavior.

TRADITIONAL:

Sees human behavior as almost entirely determined through learning that takes place as a result of reinforcement of our behaviors by others...

...or as a result of our observation of behaviors modeled by others.

Goes beyond traditional theories and emphasizes the importance of social environment as a critical factor in human behavior.

Incorporate notions of change over time.

MID-RANGE:

• Changes in the structure, function or behavior of the human organism…
  
  
• That occur over some period of time (which maybe of long or brief duration)
  
  
• And are due to an interactive combination of maturation and learning (heredity/environment interaction)
  

MID-RANGE:

MID-RANGE: human behavior on the individual level.

1. Growth occurs at every period of life

2. Individual lives show continuity and change as they progress through time.

3. We need to understand the whole person because we function in an integrated manner on a day-today basis.

4. Every person’s behavior must be analyzed in the context of relevant settings & personal relationships. Human beings are highly skilled at adapting to their environments.

Social Systems-primarily interested in human interactions. (interaction of components)

Holon = all systems, large or small are part of other systems.

Focal system-what is of primary concern

Subsystems-of which the focal system is composed

Suprasystem-entire social system constituting the environment

explicitly includes physical (non-human) elements of our environment

1. Life Course Theory
   
2. Strengths-Based Perspective
   
3. Wellness Perspective
   
4. Empowerment Perspective
   
5. Cultural Competence Approach
   
6. Standpoint Theory
   

Contextual, process-oriented, dynamic approach.

Addresses multiple system levels (micro-macro).

A focus on the intersection of social and historical factors with personal biography.

Transitions = changes in status that are discrete and relatively bound in duration (role transitions)

Trajectories = long-term patterns of stability and change that can be reliably differentiated from alternate patterns.

• Resiliency Skills
  
• Importance of Membership
  
• Identification of Strengths
  
• Dialogue & Collaboration- genuine relationship with client grounded
  in empathy, inclusiveness, and equality.
  
• Meeting the client where they are
  
• Suspend disbelief- hear client's story and believe what they have to
  say (perspective as reality)
  

Recognizes the relationship between body, mind and environment and health and wellness.

biological perspective that focuses on the reciprocal relationship between mind & body.

Empowerment is both a theory and practice that deal with issues of power, powerlessness and oppression and how they contribute to individual, family or community problems and affect helping relationships.

Increasing personal, interpersonal, or political power so that individuals, families, or communities can take action to improve their situations.

Intervention includes:

• Identifying and building on strengths
  
• Teaching specific skills
  
• Reduction of self-blame
  
• Personal responsibility for change
  
• Enhancement of self-efficacy
  

Awareness of culture, ethnicity, and racism;

knowledge about historical oppression;

development of skills to deal with needs of the culturally diverse clients

From a particular social standpoint, one can see some things more clearly than others.

Emphasizes the strengths and potential contributions of marginalized populations

A person’s location in the social structure and that location’s relationship to the person’s lived experiences

Survival depends on being able to understand their reality and the reality of those in power=double vision= more complete view of social reality.

People shape their physical environment just as the physical environment influences them.

Person-environment unity.

The physical environment is a source of sensory information essential for human well-being.

Patterns of stimulation influence thinking, emotions, social interaction, and health.

Concrete & symbolic meanings: person in a wheelchair and their response to a hallway that is too narrow.

Too much or too little sensory stimulation can have a negative effect on human behavior

Focuses on the issue of how much control we have over our physical environment and the attempts we make to gain control.

Privacy, personal space, territoriality, and crowding.

Refers primarily to the behavior of individuals and small groups as they seek control over physical space, but has also be used to refer to attempts to control objects, roles, and relationships. Primary territory- one that evokes feelings of ownership. Secondary- are less important to us fav table at the coffee shop. Public- open to anyone in community parks, beaches, etc

Interpersonal distance-

the physical distance we choose to maintain in interpersonal relationships.

Density is the ratio of person per unit are of space.

Crowding is not always correlated with density.

The feeling of being crowded can do with personal, social, and cultural as well as physical factors.

Behavioroccurs in consistent patterns based on the location.

Programs-consistent,prescribed patterns of behavior in specific situations.

Staffing- number of people involved in the interaction in a physical environment.

Situation impacts behavior, environment provides cues.

Example: ourbehavior as we enter the classroom vs another environment

Ease in movement through and use of an environment.

Ease with which people can conceptualize key elements and spatial relationships within an environment and effectively find their way. (hospitals/prisons often have difficult legibility)

Spaces that discourage social interaction

Spaces that encourage social interaction

The process in which people and groups form bonds with places.

Interplay of emotions, cognitions, behaviors for the bond.

For people with disabilities:

making available patterns of life and conditions of everyday living which are as close as possible to the regular circumstances and ways of life or society.

Water-

Trees- people feel happier, safer, and morecreative in a settings where trees, plants, and grass are present.

Sunlight-quite necessary and significantlyincreases mood stability, however it can be damaging if it goes over a certainoptimal level.

The natural environment affects our thinking,feeling, social interaction and health.

humans have a genetically based need to affiliate with nature.

Trait

Situational

Positional

Trait = leaders are born with a special skills set that makesthem destined for greatness.

Situational = leaders emerge because they may have an expertiserequired to solve a problem.

Positional = leadersare created by positions they hold.

Functional Leadership

Alternative approach- suggests that leaders and followers are not so dichotomous or separate from each other.

Leadership is simply a behavior that assists a group to reach its goals.

Different members of groups can provideleadership during different times of need.

Everyone has a potential for leadership.

Distributingresponsibility-invoking maximum participation.

Empowerment-seeksto make members into leaders.

Aidingdeliberation- promoting constructive participation and healthy relationshipsthrough active listening and acknowledgement of others’ views.

Democraticprinciples: self-determination,inclusiveness, equal participation, delibeartion

it threatens status, power, money.

Directive authorities.

Problemis clearly defined

Groupis indifferent to problem

Expertis needed to interpret decision (i.e. judge/surgeon)

Mode of thinking that people engage in when they are deeply involved in a cohesive in-group. (Nazi Germany).

Huge pressure to conform.

Members’drive for unanimity overrides their motivation to consider other possibilities.

Closedleader styles can encourage groupthink because they do not encourage memberparticipation nor divergent opinions.

Alternative to groupthink as a way to prevent groupthink.

Teamthink encourages :

divergent views

open expression of concerns or ideas,

awareness of limitations/threats,

recognition of member’s uniqueness,

and discussion of collective doubts.

Stress on teamthink,

methodical decision-makingprocedures.

Promotingconstructive criticism,

nonconformity, and open-mindedness.

Group composition

Raciallyheterogeneous or homogenous?

Culture and Communication

Trust

Status and roles

The practice of giving the appearance ofrepresentation and access to resources or decision making without actuallydoing so.

It is appropriate to:

Acknowledge adisability exists,
(but asking personal questions is inappropriate unless onehas a close relationship with the person with the disability.)

Speak directly to the personwith a disability

Use common words

Offer assistance, but one should wait until it is accepted...Clarification should be sought if unsure of how or whattype of assistance is needed.

END!