Use LEFT and RIGHT arrow keys to navigate between flashcards;
Use UP and DOWN arrow keys to flip the card;
H to show hint;
A reads text to speech;
53 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
functions of GI system
|
digestion
elimination absorption ingestion |
|
abdominal pain
|
how long?
describe? changed location? affected by eating? relief? associated symptoms women - menstrual cycle, pregnancy |
|
Specific areas of assessment of abdomen and GI system
|
abdominal pain
N/V Indigestion Abdominal distension Change in bowel habits Jaundice Problems with urination |
|
symptom analysis
|
Includes location, quality, quantity, chronology, setting, associated manifestations, and aggravating and alleviating factors
|
|
Family history of diseases of GI system
|
GERD
peptic ulcer disease stomach/colon cancer crohns, ulcerative colitis |
|
family history of disease of urinary tract
|
kidney stones
kidney/bladder cancer |
|
surface characteristics of abdomen
|
Should be smooth, with centrally located umbilicus (Check for bulges)
Striae, scars, faint vascular network |
|
abnormal surface characteristics of abdomen
|
Abnormal: Marked pulsations, visible peristalsis, Cullen’s sign (bluish discoloration periumbilical area), prominent dilated veins (hypertension)
|
|
contour of abdomen
|
scaphoid, rounded, distended
|
|
7 F’s of abdominal distention
|
Fat, fetus, fluid (ascites), flatulence, feces, fibroid tumor, or fatal tumor
|
|
bowel sounds
|
Normoactive, hypoactive, or hyperactive
|
|
facilitate muscle relaxation for deep palpation
|
breathe slowly through mouth
|
|
abdominal percussion sounds
|
Tympany
Dullness (liver, mass) Hyperresonance (gas, extra air) |
|
Costovertebral Angle
|
Indirect fist percussion (12th rib, use two hands)
Normal: feels thud Abnormal: feels pain (indicates kidney inflammation) |
|
liver palpation size
|
Liver span correlates with body size and gender (6-12 cm)
Lower border of liver should descend downward 0.75 to 1.25 inches (2 to 3 cm) |
|
what is GERD
|
Reflux of acidic gastric contents into lower esophagus
Weakened lower esophageal pressure or increased intraabdominal pressure |
|
GERD risk factors
|
Hiatal hernia
Pregnancy and obesity Irritants Decreased gastric motility h. Pylori |
|
GERD manifestations
|
Heart burn
Epigastric or chest pain (usually after meals or laying down) Regurgitation Dysphagia |
|
Esophageal Varices what and why
|
Distended, tortuous collateral veins that develop from prolonged elevation of pressure
Dilated submucosal esophageal veins Secondary to portal hypertension, alcoholism, post hepatitis cirrhosis |
|
esophageal varices manifestations
|
Vomiting dark blood
Melena |
|
peptic ulcer disease, forms
|
Deep erosion of the mucosa of the upper GI tract by gastric acid and pepsin
2 major forms of peptic ulcers Duodenal Gastric |
|
peptic ulcer disease risk factors
|
h. pylori, chronic use of NSAIDs, smoking, family history, alcohol abuse, stress
|
|
peptic ulcer clinical manifestations
|
Iron deficiency anemia
Projectile vomiting Epigastric pain/burning or chest pain Nausea Weight loss |
|
irritable bowel syndrome
|
General term for inflammatory diseases of the bowel of uncertain causes
|
|
ulcerative colitis
|
Inflammation and damage of the mucosa and submucosa
Starts with involvement of the rectum ascending upward through the colon r/t abnormal immune response in GI can progress to colon cancer |
|
ulcerative colitis clinical manifestations
|
GI bleeding—rectal bleeding
Anemia r/t loss of blood in stools Diarrhea Can be blood and mucousy Weight loss and anorexia Nausea and vomiting Abdominal pain |
|
crohn disease what
|
Inflammation of the GI tract extending through all layers of the intestinal wall
May affect multiple portions leaving unaffected segments between affected Inflammation may occur from mouth to anus Increased risk of colon cancer |
|
crohn disease risk factors/etiology
|
Family history (20%), white race, Jewish ancestry, cigarette use
Most common between ages 20-40 Men and women affected equally Unknown—Thought to be genetic and autoimmune |
|
crohn disease clinical manifestations
|
Abdominal pain
Diarrhea Fatigue Weight loss Nausea and vomiting |
|
appendicits
|
Inflammation of the vermiform appendix
|
|
appendicitis clinical manifestations
|
Abdominal pain—RLQ, can radiate to periumbilical
Fever N/V Elevated WBC CT scan—diagnostic Appendectomy Antibiotics |
|
diverticular disease
|
Diverticulosis: Outpouchings in the wall of the colon
Herniations of the mucosa and submucosa through the colon Most common in over 60 years of age |
|
diverticular disease manifestations
|
Abdominal pain—often LLQ
Fever Tachycardia Constipation Elevated WBC |
|
intestinal obstruction - what/types
|
Partial or complete blockage of the intestinal lumen of the small (90%) or large bowel
Mechanical Caused by condition that hinders patency of bowel lumen Functional Caused by neurogenic or muscular impairment that hinders peristalsis |
|
intestinal obstruction clinical manifestations
|
Abdominal pain
Vomiting (constipation – not much coming out) Dehydration Electrolyte depletion Abdominal distention |
|
celiac disease
|
Intolerance of gluten that causes bowel inflammation and malabsorption
|
|
celiac disease clinical manifestations
|
Diarrhea
Steatorrhea N/V Abdominal pain Increases appetite without weight gain Malnutrition Immune disorder? |
|
celiac disease - what
|
Intolerance of gluten that causes bowel inflammation and malabsorption
|
|
celiac disease clinical manifestations
|
Diarrhea
Steatorrhea N/V Abdominal pain Increases appetite without weight gain Malnutrition Immune disorder? |
|
colon cancer - what, risk factors
|
Primary malignant neoplasm of the colon
Risk Factors/Etiology older age, family history, high fat diet, low-fiber diet, adenomatous polyps, ulcerative colitis, crohn disease Cause is unknown |
|
colon cancer clinical manifestations
|
Black, tarry stools
Obstruction Abdominal pain/cramping Change in caliber of stool Change in bowel habits |
|
Acute Cholecystitis - what, risk factors
|
Acute inflammation of the gallbladder
Etiology Risk Factors: Cholelithiasis (gallstones) often present (90%) |
|
Acute Cholecystitis - Clinical Manifestations
|
Nausea, vomiting
Fever, Leukocystosis Elevated LFT’s RUQ abd pain and epigastric pain Heart burn Jaundice (blockage of duct causes) Feels like heart attack Triggers: fatty foods, spicy foods |
|
Acute Pancreatitis - what, risk factors
|
Inflammation of the pancreas
Flow of pancreatic digestive enzymes into duodenum obstructed Etiology/Pathophsyiology Causes: Excess alcohol intake, biliary obstruction (gallstones), high trig levels, hypercalcemia, infections |
|
acute pancreatitis - clinical manifestations
|
Epigastric or LUQ pain often radiates to back
Nausea and vomiting Decreased bowel sounds, abdominal distention Fever Clients prefer fetal position with knees to chest Tachycardia, hypotension Severe cases—shock, respiratory insufficiency |
|
viral hepatitis - what, etiology
|
Inflammation of the liver
Etiology: Viral Hepatitis A Hepatitis B Hepatitis C Hepatitis D |
|
viral hepatitis - clinical manifestations
|
Jaundice, anorexia, fatigue, fever, vomiting, diffuse abdominal discomfort, hepatosplenomegaly, dark urine, clay-colored stools (elevated bilirubin), elevated liver enzymes, elevated bilirubin
|
|
cirrhosis - what, causes
|
Chronic degenerative liver disease
Causes include: viral hepatits biliary obstruction alcohol abuse |
|
cirrhosis - clinical findings
|
Liver becomes palpable and hard
Associated signs: ascites, jaundice, cutaneous spider angiomas, dark urine, clay-colored stools, and spleen enlargement End-stage cirrhosis is hepatic encephalopathy and coma |
|
UTI - areas, causes
|
Urinary bladder (cystitis)
Urethra (urethritis) Renal pelvis (pyelonephritis) Most urinary tract infections (UTIs) result from gram-negative organisms such as Escherichia coli, Klebsiella, Proteus, or Pseudomonas |
|
UTI clinical findings
|
Symptoms of urethritis include:
Frequency, urgency, and dysuria Symptoms of cystitis include: Above plus signs of bacteriuria and perhaps fever Clients with pyelonephritis complain of: Flank pain, dysuria, nocturia, and frequency, fever Confusion in elderly, CVA, hematuria |
|
Nephrolithiasis - what
|
Formation of stones in kidney pelvis
Calculi (Stones) compose of: Calcium salts, uric acid, cystine, or struvite |
|
Nephrolithiasis - clinical findings
|
Fever
Hematuria Flank pain that may radiate to groin and genitals - acute |