Use LEFT and RIGHT arrow keys to navigate between flashcards;
Use UP and DOWN arrow keys to flip the card;
H to show hint;
A reads text to speech;
107 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
name some purposes of the musculoskeletal system.
|
-Support of body
-Protection of organs -Mobility to do physical activities -Storage of minerals -Production of blood cells |
|
name the components of the musculoskeletal system.
|
-bones
-mm -ligaments -tendons -cartilage -bursa -joints |
|
what do the bones provide?
|
-support
-protect tissue and organs |
|
what is the principle organ of movement?
|
mm
|
|
name three types of mm.
|
-smooth/visceral
-cardiac -skeletal |
|
how are mm typically grouped?
|
according to function
ex. flexor, extensor, adductor |
|
what attaches bone to bone?
|
ligament
|
|
what attaches bone to mm?
|
tendon
|
|
what is connective tissue that joins bone to one another?
|
ligament
|
|
what are strong dense bands of connective tissue at ends of mm?
|
tendons
|
|
what attaches mm to periosteum?
|
tendons
|
|
what is gel-like supporting tissue at end of bones?
|
cartilage
|
|
what protects and supports bones during weight bearing activities?
|
cartilage
|
|
what is an enclosed sac filled with synovial fluid? it helps mm and tendons glide over bone.
|
bursa
|
|
what is the area where two surfaces of bone come together?
|
joints
|
|
name the two types of joints
|
-nonsynovial
-synovial |
|
which joint is slightly movable or may be immovable?
|
nonsynovial
|
|
which joing is freely movable, filled with synovial fluid and covered in cartilage?
|
synovial
|
|
name the 7 basic types of joint movement.
|
-flexion
-extension -abduction -adduction -internal rotation -external rotation -circumduction |
|
what joint movement is bending a limb at a joint?
|
flexion
|
|
what joint movement is straightening of a limb at a join?
|
extension
|
|
what joint movement is moving a limb away from midline?
|
abduction
|
|
what joint movement is moving a limb toward central axis of body?
|
adduction
|
|
what joint movement is turning body part inward toward the central axis?
|
internal rotation
|
|
what joint movement is turning body part away from midline?
|
external rotation
|
|
what joint movement is moving in a circular pattern?
|
circumduction
|
|
what is the sequence of exam for the musculoskeletal system?
|
-inspection
-palpation -ROM -mm strength |
|
during general inspection of mmskeletal system what are you looking for?
|
-alignment
-hypertrophy/atrophy of mm -joint involvement -mm fasiculation (twitching) -swelling -posture |
|
how many joints will be abnormal for Rheumatoid arthritis?
|
several
|
|
how many joints will be abnormal for osteoarthritis?
|
one or two
|
|
what is ecchymosis?
|
swelling
|
|
what are some normal findings for joints during inspection?
|
-move symmetrically
-no deformities/masses -no swelling/edema -posture upright -gait smooth & even |
|
Do you perform palpation of a joint?
|
absolutely!
|
|
what do we assess for during palpation during the mmskeletal system?
|
-pain/tenderness
-swelling -temperature -masses -crepitation |
|
what is the degree of movement of a joint?
|
ROM
|
|
what joints are the only joints with one or more ROM?
|
diarthrotic joints
|
|
name the two types of ROM.
|
active
passive |
|
when pt moves their own joint it is called?
|
active ROM
|
|
when you move joint for the pt. it is called?
|
passive ROM
|
|
what are some normal findings for ROM?
|
-full active ROM w/o pain
-some crepitations is normal -active ROM should be same as passive ROM |
|
what can track the degree of motion a joint has?
|
geniometer
|
|
what are some things that may cause decreased ROM?
|
-pain
-inflammation around joints -ankylosis (stiffness of joint) -foreign body -fluid due to swelling |
|
how do we assess for mm strength?
|
apply resistance to mm and grade mm contractions according to your judgement of clients response.
|
|
we always assess mm strength how?
|
bilaterally
|
|
explain using the scale to grade mm strength.
|
0-5
0 is no contraction of mm 5 is full ROM with full resistance |
|
what is the tension present in resting mm or with slight resistance?
|
mm tone
|
|
what is normal findings for mm tone?
|
firm
|
|
what is the size of mm that is largely the function of use/disuse of the mm?
|
mm mass
|
|
how do you measure the mm mass?
|
measure the circumference
|
|
describe landmarks for the tempromandibular joint.
|
condyle of mandible meets the zygomatic arch of the temporal bone
|
|
how do we assess the tempromandibular joint?
|
-inspect
-palpate -rom *open/close mouth *project lower jaw *move jaw side to side -mm strength *bite down while palpating masseter mm *clench teeth while applying pressure down on chin |
|
what is normal findings for ROM when opening and closing mouth?
|
3-6cm
|
|
what is normal findings for ROM when moving jaw side to side?
|
1-2cm
|
|
what is normal findings for ROM when projecting lower jaw?
|
1-2cm
|
|
describe landmarks for the sternoclavicular joint.
|
sternum meets the clavicle
|
|
how do we assess sternoclavicular joint?
|
-inspect
-palpate -rom *shrug shoulders |
|
how do we assess the cervical spine joint?
|
-inspect
-palpate -rom *flexion (chin to chest) *hyperextension (head back) *lateral bending (ear to shoulder) *rotation (turn head side to side) -mm strength *rotation w/ resistance *flexion/hyperextension w/ resistance |
|
describe the landmarks of the shoulder joint.
|
-clavicle
-acromium process of scapula -greater tubercule of humerus -coracoid process of scapula -acromioclavicular joint -glenoid fossa of scapula -glenohumeral joint |
|
the shoulder joint is called?
|
glenohumeral joint
|
|
what do we do for shoulder rom?
|
-forward flexion
-hyperextension -internal rotation -external rotation -adduction -abduction |
|
how do we assess mm strength of the shoulder joint?
|
-deltoid is abduction w/resistance
-biceps is flexion w/resistance -triceps is extension w/resistance -trapezius is shrug shoulders against resistance |
|
describe the landmarks of the elbow joint.
|
-medial/lateral epicondyles of humerus
-olecranon process of ulna |
|
how do we want to palpate the elbow joint?
|
on the grooves of the olecronon process
|
|
nodules on elbow joint are often associated with what?
|
gout
|
|
what ROM do we assess with the elbow joint?
|
-flexion/extension
-supination/pronation |
|
how do we assess mm strength for the elbow joint?
|
flexion/extension w/resistance
|
|
what mm's are being used when testing mm strength for the elbow joint?
|
biceps/triceps
|
|
describe the landmarks for the wrists/hands/fingers?
|
-bony tips of radius/ulna
-carpal bones -metcarpal bones -metocarpophalangeal (MCP) -proximal interphalangeal joint (PIP) -distal interphalangeal joint (DIP) |
|
what does RA frequently affect in the wrists/hands/fingers?
|
-wrist
-PIP -MCP |
|
what does OA frequently affedt in the wrists/hands/fingers?
|
-DIP
-PIP |
|
where do we assess for Bouchards?
|
PIP
|
|
where do we assess for Heberdons?
|
DIP
|
|
how do we assess ROM with wrists/hands/fingers?
|
-Spread fingers apart (abduction)back together (adduction)
-Make a fist (finger flexion) -Touch thumb to each fingertip & base of little finger (finger flexion) -Bend fingers up (hyperextension) & down (flexion) at MCP joint. -Bend hand up (extension) and down (flexion) at wrist -Turn hand to right & left (radial & ulnar deviation) |
|
how do we assess mm strength with wrists/hands/fingers?
|
-wrist: flexion/extension w/resistance
-fingers: flexion/extension w/resistance abduction/adduction w/resistance -assess grip strength |
|
describe the landmarks of the hip joint.
|
-greater trochanter of femur
-iliac crest |
|
can you palpate the hip joint?
|
not really
|
|
how do we assess ROM in the hip joint?
|
-hip flexion w/leg extended (supine)
-hip hyperextension w/knee extended (prone or standing) -hip flexion w/knee flexed (supine) -abduction (supine or standing) -adduction (supine or standing) -internal rotation (supine) – flex knee/rotate leg so flexed knee moves inward toward opposite leg -external rotation (supine) – place side of foot on opposite knee and move flexed knee toward end of exam table/bed. |
|
how do we assess mm strength in the hip joint?
|
-flexion w/resistance (supine)
-abduction/adduction w/resistance (supine) hamstring/gluteal/abductor/adductor muscles – ask pt. to sit and perform alternating leg crossing. |
|
describe the landmarks for the knee joint.
|
-patella
-femur -tibia/fibula -tibial tuberosity -medial condyle of tibia -lateral condyle of tibia -quadriceps |
|
how do we assess ROM in the knee joint?
|
flexion/extension
|
|
how do we assess mm strength with knee joint?
|
flexion/extension w/resistance
|
|
describe the landmarks for the ankles/feet?
|
-tibiotalor joint
-achilles tendon -calcaneous -tarsals -metatarsals -phalanx (proximal, middle & distal) -tarsometatarsal joint -metatarsophalangeal (MTP) -interphalangeal joint |
|
how do we assess ROM for the ankles/feet?
|
-dorsiflexion/plantar flexion
-inversion (big toe side up while feet flat on floor) -eversion (little toe side up while feet flat on floor) |
|
how do we assess mm strength for ankles/feet?
|
-dorsiflexion/plantar flexion of foot w/resistance
|
|
describe the landmarks for the spine.
|
-spinous process of vertebrae
-paravertebral muscles -iliac crest -base of neck: C7–T1 -inferior angle of scapulae:T7-T8 -L4: highest point of iliac crest -S2: dimples over posterior iliac spines |
|
what are normal findings for the spine's cervical area?
|
concave
|
|
what are normal findings for the spine's thoracic/sacrococcygeal area?
|
convex
|
|
what are normal findings for the spine's lumbar area?
|
concave
|
|
what are some normal aging changes in the spine?
|
-intervertebral discs thin
-vertebral bodies shorten/collapse -ROM diminishes -skeletal mm decrease -kyphosis is common |
|
what compensates for structural abnormalities other than those caused by the vertebral column? Disappears with forward bending.
|
functional scoliosis
|
|
what is caused by vertebral rotation? it is more prominent with forward beinding.
|
structural scolosis
|
|
what are normal findings for palpation of the spine?
|
firm
nontender spinous peocesses straight |
|
how do we assess ROM for the spine?
|
-flexion/extension
-lateral bending -rotation |
|
how do we assess for mm strength of the spine?
|
we do not assess mm strength for the spine
|
|
what is the least common sign of inflammation near a joint?
|
redness
|
|
what does RICE stand for when treating mmskeletal injuries?
|
r: rest
i: ice (heat after 72 hours) c:compression e:elevation |
|
What is found in the body's RUQ?
|
-liver
-gallbladder -duodenum -head of pancreas -right kidney/adrenal -hepatic flexure of colon ascending/transverse colon |
|
What is found in the body's LUQ?
|
-stomach
-spleen -left lobe of liver -body of pancreas -left kidney/adrenal -splenic flexure of colon -transverse/descending colon |
|
What is found in the body's RLQ?
|
-cecum
-appendix -right ovary/tube -right ureter -right spermatic cord |
|
What is found in the body's LLQ?
|
-descending colon
-sigmoid colon -left ovary/tube -left ureter -left spermatic cord |
|
in a woman, what sits between the rectum and the bladder?
|
vagina
|
|
Dysphagia
|
difficulty swallowing
|
|
Dysuria
|
painful urination
|
|
what do we inspect for during abdominal assessment?
|
-contour
-symmetry -umbilicus (midline/inverted) -skin (smooth, even, color, lesions) -pulsation/movement (pulsation over aorta) -hair distribution -demeanor (relaxed, facial expressions) |
|
list the sequence of abdominal assessment
|
inspection
ausculation percussion palpate |
|
if you ausculate over the abdominal area and hear no sounds, how long should you listen for?
|
5 minutes
|
|
with percussion what sound would you hear over gaseous distension in the abdomen?
|
hyper-resonance
|