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75 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
parotid gland |
in the cheeks over the mandible, anterior to and below the ear. They are the largest of the salivary glands but are not normally palpable |
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submandibular glands |
beneath the mandible at the angle of the jaw |
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sublingual glands |
lie in the floor of the mouth |
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temporal artery |
lies superior to the temporalis muscle, and its pulsation is palpable anterior to the ear |
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Names and locations of the lymph nodes of the neck |
Preauricular:in front of the ear Posterior auricular (mastoid):superficial to the mastoid process Occipital: base of the skull Submental: midline, behind the tipof the mandible Submandibular: halfway between theangle and the tip of the mandible Jugulodigastric: under the angle ofthe mandible Superficial cervical: overlying the sternomastoid muscle Deep cervical: deep under the sternomastoid muscle Posterior cervical: in the posterior triangle along the edge of the trapezius muscle Supraclavicular: just above and behind the clavicle, at the sternomastoid musclea |
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Lymphadenopathy |
enlargement of the lymph nodes (>1 cm), caused by infection, allergy, or neoplasm |
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Limbus |
border between the cornea and sclera |
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canthus |
the corner of the eye, the angle where the lidsmeet |
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caruncle |
a small fleshy mass containing sebaceous glands and is located at the inner canthus |
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tarsa plate |
strip of connective tissue, gives shape to the upper lid |
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meibomian glands |
within tarsal plate, which are modified sebaceous glands that secretean oily lubrication material onto the lids
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conjunctiva |
a thin mucous membrane, is the transparent protective covering of the exposed part of the eye |
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lacrimal apparatus |
Constant irrigation |
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puncta |
tears drain into this, located on the upper and lower lids at the innercanthus |
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Six muscles attached to the eyeball |
the superior, inferior, lateral, and medial rectus muscles and the superior and inferior oblique muscles. These muscles direct the movement of the eye and are stimulated by cranial nerves III, IV, and VI. |
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sclera |
is a tough protective white covering that is continuous anteriorly with the smooth transparent cornea |
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cornea |
(part of the refracting media of the eye) coversthe iris and pupil. (Touching the cornea with a wisp of cotton stimulates ablink referred to as the corneal reflex; cranial nerves V and VII innervatethis reflex.) |
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choroid |
- in middle layer -which has dark pigmentation to prevent lightfrom reflecting internally and which is highly vascular to deliver blood to theretina. The choroid is continuous with the ciliary body and the iris. |
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lens |
divides the eye into the anterior and posterior segments, is a transparent structure located behind the pupil. The lens keeps viewed objects in continuous focus on the retina |
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retina |
- inner layer -the visual receptive layer of the eye. In the retina, light waves are changed into nerve impulses. |
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ciliary body |
controls the thickness of the lens |
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iris |
serves as a diaphragm , varying the opening at its centre |
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pupil |
controls the amount of light admitted onto theretina. The muscle fibres of the iris contract and dilate the pupil. |
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pupillary light reflex |
normal constriction of the pupils when brightlight shines onto the retina |
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Fixation |
a reflex direction of the eye toward an object that attracts a person’s attention |
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Accommodation |
the adjustment of the eye for seeing objects close (near vision) and is accomplished by the ciliary muscle |
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Cataract |
lens opacity |
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Glaucoma |
increased ocular pressure --> Glaucoma is the leading cause of preventable blindness |
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PERRLA |
pupils equal, round, react to light, and accommodation |
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externalear (auricle or pinna) |
-has six anatomical landmarks: (1) the helix, (2)the antihelix, (3) the external auditory meatus, (4) the tragus, (5) the antitragus, and (6) the lobule |
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tympanic membrane (ear drum) |
separates the external and the middle ear. It is translucent and pearly grey. On inspection with an otoscope, a prominent cone of light is visible (this is the reflection of the otoscope light) |
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malleus |
pulls at the centre of the ear, causing it to appear oval and slightly concave |
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umbo |
(almost in the centre, the most depressed point) is the location of the attachment of the first ossicle; the pars flaccid is the small, slack, and superior section of the membrane; the remainder of the drum,which is thicker and more taut, is the pars tensa. |
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annulus |
thickened border |
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middleear |
conducts sound vibrations from the outer ear tothe central hearing apparatus in the inner ear and protects the inner ear byreducing the amplitude of loud sounds |
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Eustachian tube |
allows equalization of air pressure on each side of the tympanic membrane. |
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inner ear |
contains the bony labyrinths, which hold the sensory organs for equilibrium and hearing. Although the inner ear is not accessible to direct examination, its function can be assessed. |
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Hearing loss |
conductive: involves a mechanical dysfunction of theexternal or middle ear (Cerumen buildup and otosclerosis) sensorineural: perceptive hearing loss indicates a pathologiccondition of cranial nerve VIII mixed: hearing loss is the result of both conductiveand sensorineural causes |
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external nose |
shaped like a triangle and consists of the bridge (or superior part), the free corner(or tip), the nares (the openings at the base of the triangle), the vestibule (the columella inside the two nares that divides the nares and that is continuous inside with the nasal septum),and the ala (the lateral outside wing on each side of the nose). |
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Kiesselbach’s plexus |
located in the anterior part of the septum,which divides the nasal cavity into two air passages. Kiesselbach’s plexus is the most common site of nosebleeds. |
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superior, middle, and inferior turbinates |
increase the surface area of the nose so that more blood vessels and mucous membrane are available to warm, humidify, and filter the inhaled air. |
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sinuses |
drain into the middle meatus, and tears from the nasolacrimal duct drain into the inferior meatus |
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four pairs of sinuses |
the frontal and maxillary sinuses—are accessible to examination. The ethmoid and sphenoid sinuses are not accessible to examination. -lighten the weight of the skull bones, serve as resonators for sound production, and provide mucus. |
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oral cavity |
lips,the insides of both cheeks, the palate (roof of the mouth), the mandible, and the maxilla |
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oropharynx |
separated from the mouth by a fold of tissue on each side (the anterior tonsillar pillar). |
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tonsils |
Behindthe folds Each amass of lymphoid tissue |
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Craniosynostosis |
marked asymmetry caused by a severe deformity—is caused by premature closure of the sutures, resulting in a long, narrow head. |
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Cephalhematoma |
Bleeding into the periosteum during birth |
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fetal alcohol syndrome |
Narrow palpebral fissures, epicanthal folds, and midfacial hypoplasia are characteristic |
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Kyphosis |
Common with aging. To compensate, older adults will:extend their heads and jaws forward |
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Aggravating symptoms or triggers of headaches |
include hormonal fluctuations, certain foods, letdown after stress, changes in sleep pattern, sensory stimuli, and changes in weather or physical activity. |
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Aggravating symptoms or triggers for tension headaches |
include stress anxiety, depression, and poor posture |
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myxedema |
A severe deficiency of thyroid hormone leading to nonpitting edema, coarse facial features, dry skin, and dry coarse hair |
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congenital hypothyroidism |
a thyroid deficiency that occurs at an early age; characteristics include low hairline, hirsute forehead, swollen eyelids, narrow palpebral fissures, widely spaced eyes, depressed nasal bridge, puffy face, thick tongue protruding through an open mouth, and a dull expression. |
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Parkinson's syndrome |
characterized by a flat, expressionless, or masklike face, a staring gaze, oily skin, and elevated eyebrows |
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scleroderma |
hard, shiny skin on forehead and cheeks; thin, pursed lips with radial furrowing; absent skinfolds; muscle atrophy on face and neck; and absence of expression. |
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binaural interaction |
The function at the brain stem level is binaural interaction, which permits locating the direction of a sound in space as well as identifying the sound. |
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recurrent otitis media (OM) |
A first episode of OM that occurs in the first 3 months of life increases risk of recurrent OM. Recurrent OM is three episodes in past 3 months or four episodes within the past year. |
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Audiometer test |
provides a precise quantitative measure of hearing |
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position of the tympanic membrane in the neonate |
The position of the eardrum is more horizontal in the neonate, making it more difficult to see completely and harder to differentiate from the canal wall. |
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fungal infection in the ear |
Black or white dots |
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scarring from recurrent ear infections |
tympanic membrane has white, dense areas |
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extraocular muscles |
The four straight, or rectus extraocular muscles are the superior, inferior, lateral, and medial rectus muscles. The two slanting, or oblique muscles are the superior and inferior muscles. |
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optic disc |
the area in which fibres from the retina converge to form the optic nerve |
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optic chiasm |
location in the brain where optic nerve fibres from the temporal fields of vision cross over |
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Snellen chart |
the test subject sees the same line of letters at 20 feet that person with normal vision sees at 20 feet. 20/40 visionmeans that the test subject sees at 20 feet what a person with normal vision sees at 40 feet. |
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Horner's syndrome |
caused by a lesion of the sympathetic nerve. An individual with Horner's syndrome will have a unilateral, small, regular pupil that does react to light and accommodation. There will be unilateral ptosis and absence of sweat on the same side. |
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Presbyopia |
The lens in an older adult loses elasticity and becomes hard and glasslike; this decreases the lens's ability to change shape to accommodate for near vision |
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nasal mucosa of an individual with rhinitis |
bright red and swollen |
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Halitosis |
breathe odour |
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Hyperthyroidism |
fine tremor when the patient sticks out his or her tongue |
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epistaxis |
nosebleed |
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On examination of an Aboriginal person's mouth, the examiner notices the presence of a bifid uvula. How should this finding be interpreted? |
expected variation associated with this individual |
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Saliva |
moistens and lubricates the food bolus, initiates digestion, and cleans and protects the mucosa |
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Stensen's duct |
parotid gland's duct that opens into the mouth opposite the second molar |