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113 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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pre-Greek civ. on Crete ca. 2200-1500 B.C.
○ Commercial culture ○ Palace at Knossos ○ Ended suddenly: perhaps natural disaster, Mycenaeans |
Minoans
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Indo-European nomadic group, invaded Minoan Crete
○ Not just destroyers: set up gov't (kinglets), garrisoned towns, trade ○ Probably conquered Troy |
Mycenaeans
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nomadic group, ancestors of Spartans
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Dorians
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nomadic group which settled on Asian coast of Aegean
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Ionians
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What led to Greek colonization?
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Population growth
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Decline of the Greek aristocracy was caused by:
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○ Growth of trade
○ Change in military tactics: phalanx of citizen infantry replaced chariots ○ Tyrants: short-lived extra-legal rulers, established assemblies to strengthen supporters |
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Greek citizen infantryman (composed the phalanx)
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Hoplite
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Ionian city-state led the revolt ag Persians 499 B.C., famous trading city
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Miletus
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battle where Spartans crushed Persain army (479 B.C.) during second invasion
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Plataea
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ca. 600 B.C. archon of Athens, most famous lawgiver
○ Freed farmers from debt ○ Opened up public office to common people |
Solon
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ca. 550 B.C. tyrant of Athens
○ Destroyed aristocracy: gave land to common followers ○ Encouraged manufacture/trade ○ Started temple-building program |
Psistratus
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508 B.C. instituted Council of Five Hundred, brought basic democracy to Athens (though an aristocrat)
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Cleisthenes
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Athenian assembly chosen by lot (brought in by Cleisthenes)
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Council of Five Hundred
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450-429 B.C. aristocrat who put finishing touches on Athenian democracy, introduced idea of empire
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Pericles
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Greek alliance transformed by Pericles to Athenian empire
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Delian League
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Why were the Spartans so militaristic?
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they needed to keep the Helots down
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compulsory alliance dominated by Sparta
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Peloponnesian League
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Greek poetess
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Sappho
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Greek poet
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Pindar
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Greek historian, wrote Persian War, traveled to perform true historical investigation
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Herodotus
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Greek historian (exiled Athenian), wrote Peloponnesian War
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Thucydides
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What was the common heritage of the Greeks/Romans?
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Indo-European
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elected Roman officials who represented lower classes (often supported Senate)
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Tribunes of the People
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tribunes of the people during the Roman Civil War (133, 123)
○ Stirred up masses ○ Provided land to the masses ○ Killed by senate intrigue |
Tiberius and Gaius Gracchus
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Augustus' favorite title, meant "first citizen"
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princeps
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elite Roman troops who guarded Rome/emperor; often interfered in choosing next emperor
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Praetorian Guard
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Roman emperor 284-305: introduced the tetrarchy (4 rulers)
○ Reforms (bureaucracy, taxes, prices) ○ Last major persecution of Xians |
Diocletian
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Phoenician trading base on Atlantic coast of Spain (Carthage was originally weigh station)
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Gades
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legend says princess of Tyre, fled feud and built Carthage
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Elissa/Dido
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people group that leased/sold land to Carthage
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Libyans/peoples of the Maghreb
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Carthaginian explorer ca. 5th cty B.C.; sailed around West Africa/into the interior
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Hanno
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Carthaginian gov't system was:
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oligarchy
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Augustus Caesar's wife, carved out a place for herself as empress
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Livia
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wife/powerful ally of Septimus Severus, known as "the Philosopher"
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Julia Domna
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made Xy the state church of Rome
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Theodosius
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(313) made Xy legal (Constantine)
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Edict of Milan
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Ancient invaders of India followed one of these two paths:
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1) They were assimilated
2) Or: they were eventually dislodged |
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original Indians (non-Aryans) left in the South, in the Deccan, powerful for 1st few ctys A.D.
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Dravidians
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important people group of southern India, just becoming organized first ctys A.D.; traders/shopkeepers
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Tamils
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320-540, ruled northern India/Ganges: similar to Mauryan dynasty
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Gupta Dynasty
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320-330: first ruler of Gupta dynasty of India
○ Married well (Princess Kumara Devi): became king of Magadha ○ Expanded, took title "maharajadhiraja" "great king of kings" |
Chandra Gupta I
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330-375: second ruler of Gupta dynasty of India, conquerer
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Samudra Gupta
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change in Hinduism during Gupta era in India: priesthood, Scriptures, basic beliefs
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Hindu Renaissance
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375-415, 3rd ruler of Gupta dynasty in India
○ Continued conquering N India, marriage alliance w/S ○ Golden Age of prosperity/art |
Chandra Gupta II
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invaders that destroyed power of Gupta dynasty in India
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White Huns
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popular myths turned into religious tales during the Hindu Renaissance
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Puranas
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Hindu Trinity
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endless cycle:
○ Brahma the creator ○ Vishnu the preserver ○ Shiva the destroyer |
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"Little Vehicle" older form of Buddhism
○ Buddha just greatest teacher ever ○ Salvation for individual escaping the wheel |
Hinayana
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"Big Vehicle" new Buddhism
○ Buddha: incarnation of god ○ Salvation for all humanity through work of the faithful |
Mahayana
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Buddhist center of worship/shrine--Indian art
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stupa
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the Indian Shakespeare
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Kalidasa
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4th historical dynasty of China
○ Continued centralizing (rejected feudalism), but not as abruptly as Qin ○ Brought period of peace ○ Built on: Mandate of Heaven, Confucian scholar bureaucracy (Civil Service Exams start) ○ Confucian philo; history (dynastic circle) |
Han dynasty
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contender for power in China btwn Qin/Han dynasties; feudal aristocrat, lost
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Xiang Yu
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commoner founder of Han dynasty in China (d. 195 B.C.); centralizer (but not too abrupt)
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Liu Bang
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name posthumously given to Liu Bang as "exalted founder" of Han dynasty (China)
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Han Gaozu
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one of Liu Bang's wives who ruled after him, 2nd ruler of the Han dynasty
○ Knew many of emperor's supporters, relatives, intelligence/ambition ○ Brutal to advisers, but won people's support by humane policies |
Empress Lü
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greatest Han emperor (187-141 B.C.)
○ Strengthened religion (imperial sacrifices/prayers) to strengthen Mandate of Heaven ○ Bureaucratic/economic reforms/expansion ○ Foreign wars: esp. ag nomadic Xiongnu; expanding into Korea/Vietnam and toward the west |
Han Wudi
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most famous Han empire-builder (China)
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Ban Chao
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ruled as usurper for a brief period in the middle of the Han dynesty (China)
○ Took power after peasant revolts weakend Han ○ Platform: economic reforms, land redistribution ○ Rebellion/nomadic incursion led to end: killed by rebels |
Wang Mang
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revolutionary group against Chinese usurper Wang Mang to restore Han (Taoist)
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Red Eyebrows
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rebel group against Han dynasty (Taoist)
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Yellow Turbans
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Political difficulty of the Han Dynasty:
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power-hungry families of the empresses
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China's most admired woman writer; during Han dynasty, Confucian
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Pan Chao
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famous Han historian (China), during Wudi's reign: _Records of the Grand Historian_
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Sima Qian
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brother of emperor Ban Chao, famous historian, _History of the Former Han_ (dynastic cycle idea)
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Ban Gu
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area South of Egypt (to Khartoum), traded/interacted w/Egypt
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Nubia
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state that ruled Nubia, very influenced by Egypt; conquered by Egypt, preserved Egyptian culture, later conquered Egypt
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Kush
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center of culture, intellect and medicine in Egypt
○ 600s B.C.: Semitic Arabs mixed with Kushites ○ Good land: by Red Sea ○ Became Xian, isolated, Ethiopians of today |
Axum
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revolutionized trade in North Africa by A.D. 200
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Camel Revolution
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1500-400 B.C., coastal lowland S Mexico
○ Stone heads/jaguars ○ Social: had different classes, religion of primary importance |
Olmecs
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ancient civilization in Peru, left temple site in the Andes
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Chavín culture
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people groups in Arizona-area ca. A.D. 1000; pit houses, perhaps first irrigation system in America
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Mogollon, Hohokam
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people group in woodlands of Eastern U.S. before A.D. 500: settled villages, Serpent Mound
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Adena
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people group in Ohio/Mississippi valleys ca. 1st cty A.D., limited farming
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Hopewell
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society in N Peru ca. 300-700; pottery, pyramids
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Mochica culture
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city/civilization in Mexican highlands ca. 200-700; pyramids
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Teotihuacán
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most advanced American culture, ca. 300-900
○ Olmec ancestors ○ Advanced organization: warring states, social classes, high standard of living ○ Famous: for advanced mathematics/astronomy, writing system |
Maya
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cliff-dwellers in America southwest, corn/beans/squash
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Pueblo culture
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elaborate cliff-dwellers in American southwest, A.D. 900-1300
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Anasazi culture
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impressive Native American society in American southeast; traders/mounds
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Mississippi culture
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played by Toltecs, Aztecs, Cherokee; brutal/mixed w/war training, relgious ritual
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ball game
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precursors of the Aztecs; conquered Mayans from N, but didn't destroy civ
○ Warriors ○ Cities, metalworking, trade (cocoa/feathers/cotton) |
Toltecs
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legendary ruler of Toltecs
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Topiltzin
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most powerful empire in S America before Incas, in Andes
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Chimu state
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cities in the Andes before the Incas
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Tiahuanaco/Huari
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coastal civ in N Peru; highly developed
○ Autocratic gov't; warrior elite; elaborate gov't system; buildings ○ Elaborate irrigation system ○ Brick walled cities |
Chimu
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secured the throne of the Incans (1438-1471), started building empire
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Pachacuti Inca
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archaeologist who thought he found Agamemnon's mask
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Schlieman
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Contemporary of Homer; wrote:
- _Works in Days_: insight into early Greek society - Theogony: originis of the gods/the universe |
Hesiod
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Writing systems of the Minoans/Mycenaeans
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Linear A/B
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Magna Graecia was in:
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Italy
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Two poleis that help Ionian city-states in revolt ag Persia:
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Eretrea
Athens |
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What idea dominates 5th cty Greece, and becomes part of the cause of the Peloponnesian War?
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idea that the Persians are coming back
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alliace begun by Athens after the Persian Wars to protect ag Persian return; ended up turning into an empire of sorts (states not allowed to withdraw, tribute used to beautify Athens)
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Delian League
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Island where treasury of Athen's League was
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Delos
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Macedonians' all night drinking parties that could get rowdy and disgusted the Greeks
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symposia
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Alexander went here w/his army, very bad move
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Gedrosian Dessert
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the common Greek (used in NT)
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Koiné
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long-term strife btwn Plebians and Patricians in Rome
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Conflict of the Orders
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law that gives plebians legal recourse ag patricians
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Law of the Twelve Tables
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plantations of the Roman Aristocrats, that they bought up while the soldiers were away at war and couldn't take care of their land
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Latifundia
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the public land btwn plots in Roman world, that could be used by the common people: provoked controversy when the aristocrats began taking it over and farming it (Gracchus reforms supposed to deal w/it)
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ager publicus
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Roman politicians who propose measures amenable to the people at large (usually to win votes)
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Populares
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Roman politicians who resist catering to the people
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Optimates
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Populare politician
- proposes: take unemployed from cities and put them in the army - Strongly in opposition to basic Roman values - elected 7 times |
Marius
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Optimate politician
® Marches on the Senate (to defend old-fashioned honor of Rome, old-fashioned Senate) ® Puts forth proscriptions: lists of enemies who can be killed w/impunity |
Sulla
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battle where Octavian creamed Antony/Cleo
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Actium
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first empire-wide persecution of Xians was under:
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Decius
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2 ways states develop:
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1) Primary: developed wt/outside influence
2) Secondary: comes about in two basic ways: 1) Models itself after another state 2) Forced to form as a response to a threat by another state |
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little Buddhas: people after Buddha have the same incarnation
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Bodhisattvas
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early rendition of the Huns troubled China during the Han dynasty
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Xiongnu
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capital of Kush; turns into something of an empire
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Meroë
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Legendary Incan ruler
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Manco Capac
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