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36 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
Describe the components of the lip.
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- outer integument: keratinized stratified squamous epithelium
- mucocutaneous region: dermis blends with propria-submucosa beneath the mucosal epithelium (which has no muscularis mucosae) - mucosal epithelium: stratified squamous epithelium, keratinized in horses and ruminants, non-keratinized in carnivores and pigs - serous and seromucinous minor salivary glands (labial glands) are distributed throughout the propria-submucosa - muscular tunic with skeletal muscle, called orbicularis oris |
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Describe components of the cheek.
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- cheek (vestibular) mucosa is underlain by buccal muscles
- in ruminants the mucosa is studded with buccal papillae - buccal glands (minor salivary glands) are scattered in the propria-submucosa |
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Describe components of the hard palate.
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- mucosa has a series of transverse ridges called rugae
- rostral part called the dental pad; thick mucosa, especially in ruminants - in ruminants epithelium is thick and heavily cornified - palatine salivary glands in the propria-submucosa - caudal region has branched tubuloacinar mucous and seromucous glands |
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Describe components of the soft palate.
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- palatine salivary glands in propria-submucosa
- ventral portion contains branched tubuloacinar mucous and seromucous glands - ventral aspect covered with stratified squamous epithelium (similar to rest of oral cavity) - dorsal aspect covered with pseudostratified ciliated columnar epithelium (like upper respiratory tract) - core is striated muscle tissue - mucosa of oral and nasal sides has diffuse and nodular lymphatic tissue |
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Describe general composition of the tongue.
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- composed of skeletal muscle fibers arranged in different planes
- covered by mucous membrane: dorsal is rough, ventral is continuous with non- or poorly cornified stratified squamous epithelium of inter-mandibular ventral floor of oral cavity - has propria-submucosa |
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What is the lyssa?
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- cord-like longitudinal structure found in ventral midline of tongue of carnivores and pigs
- dense collagenous sheath filled with adipose tissue, skeletal muscle, blood vessels, nerves - aids in "backwards scoop" for drinking |
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What lingual structure similar to the lyssa does the horse have?
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- mid-dorsal fibroelastic cord with hyaline cartilage, striated muscle, fat
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Name the 6 types of lingual papillae.
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- filiform papillae
- conical papillae - lenticular papillae - fungiform papillae - vallate or circumvallate papillae - foliate papillae |
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Which types of lingual papillae have taste buds?
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- fungiform papillae
- vallate papillae - foliate papillae |
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Describe filiform papillae.
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- most numerous type
- slender, thread-like, project above tongue surface - covered with cornified stratified squamous epithelium - cats have large ones with two different prominences: caudal prominence is large and gives rise to caudally-directed, heavily cornified spine; supported by small, more rounded, rostral papilla with thin keratin covering. |
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Describe conical papillae.
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- root of dorsal tongue in dogs, cats, pigs, ruminants
- larger than filiform papillae - not heavily cornified - ruminants have these on the inside of their cheeks as well (buccal papillae) |
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Describe lenticular papillae.
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- only in ruminants
- flattened, lentil-shaped - covered by stratified squamous epithelium; core of dense irregular CT - found on torus linguae (prominence that is caudal to lingual fossa, cranial to root of tongue) |
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Describe fungiform papillae.
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- scattered among filiform papillae
- domed/mushroom-shaped upper surface - primary core of connective tissue - secondary cores covered by non-cornified stratified squamous epithelium, with 1+ taste buds on upper surface (abundant in carnivores, goats; numerous in sheep, pigs; sparse in horses, cattle) |
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Describe vallate or circumvallate papillae.
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- located on dorsum of tongue, rostral to root
- large, flattened -may extend slightly above lingual surface - completely surrounded by moat-like epithelium-lined sulcus - epithelium lining side portion contains taste buds - gustatory glands (serous) below sulcus, with ducts opening into sulcus at various levels - mucus glands may be found beneath them, but secretory products emptied onto lingual surface - horses/pigs have 1 pair, carnivores have 4-6 pairs, ruminants have 8-24 pairs |
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Describe foliate papillae.
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- parallel folds of lingual mucosa on lateral margin of tongue just rostral to palatoglossal arch
- epithelium on the sides of the folds have taste buds, which open into the gustatory furrows that separate the papillae - serous gustatory glands lie beneath furrows; ducts empty into furrows - absent in ruminants; do not possess taste buds in cats (are rudimentary) |
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Other than some papillae, where are taste buds found?
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- epithelium of soft palate, epiglottis, pharynx
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Describe components of a taste bud.
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- cluster of spindle-shaped specialized epithelial cells
- extend from basement membrane to taste pore (small opening in the epithelial surface in which it is embedded) - 3 cell types: - neuroepithelial cells: chemoreceptor or taste cells; cytoplasm contains vesicles adjacent to intraepithelial unmyelinated afferent nerve fibers - supportive (sustentacular) cells - basal cells: in basement membrane region; stem cells that regenerate the neuroepithelial and supportive cells (replaced every 10 days) |
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What are the differences in the tonsillar surfaces of the domestic species?
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- dog and cat have smooth palatine tonsils
- lingual tonsils of horses/large ruminants/pigs and palatine tonsils of horses/small ruminants have tonsillar fossulae (deep surface invaginations) |
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What are the differences in the epithelium covering generic tonsils in different regions?
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- oral cavity: covered by stratified squamous epithelium
- respiratory system: pseudostratified columnar - intestine: simple columnar |
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What are the two ways tonsils can be separated from surrounding tissue?
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- distinct connective tissue capsule (e.g. canine pharyngeal tonsil)
- slightly condensed connective tissue (e.g. Peyer's patches) |
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What cells lie in the tonsils?
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- epithelium infiltrated with lymphocytes, leukocytes, particularly polymorphonuclear lymphocytes (PMLs)
- underlying epithelium: diffuse lymphoreticular tissue surrounding lymphatic nodules, which frequently have germinal centers and a cap of small lymphocytes and plasma cells adjacent to the epithelium |
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Name the two types of teeth and which domestic animals they are found in.
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- brachydont: carnivores, humans, incisor teeth of ruminants, all except canine teeth of pigs
- hypsodont: horses, cheek teeth of ruminants, canine teeth of pigs (tusks) |
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Describe brachydont teeth.
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- relatively short
- stop growing after eruption of tooth is complete - have crown (enamel cap), neck, 1+ roots (covered with cementum) embedded in bony socket called dental alveolus - exposed surface covered with enamel |
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Describe hypsodont teeth.
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- longer than brachydont
- grow throughout adult life - have elongated body, no crown or neck - exposed surface covered with cementum - boar tusks never develop roots - in rodents, part of enamel-making apparatus is viable just below gumline: enamel constantly produced, provides sharp edge to incisors |
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What does the term "masticatory mucosa" encompass? Describe it.
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- strongly-attached mucosa of hard palate and gingiva of maxillary and mandibular alveolar bone
- firmly attached to teeth and underlying alveolar bony tissue - epithelium is parakeratotic stratified squamous (incomplete cornification- retains nucleus), with prominent epithelial rete pegs and dermal papillae (resistance to shearing forces) - gingiva divided into attached gingiva and marginal (free, unattached) gingiva |
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What is gingiva?
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- mucosa that has a propria-submucosa made up of dense irregular CT that is anchored directly to periosteum of alveolar bone of mandible and maxilla
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What are ameloblasts and odontoblasts?
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Ameloblasts: produce enamel
Odontoblasts: produce dentin (Order of layers is ameloblasts, enamel, dentin, odontoblasts, dental pulp) |
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What is the periodontal ligament?
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- densely packed collagen fibers
- attach teeth to the bony socket (dental alveolus) - embedded in cementum of brachydont root/cementum of hypsodont anatomic crown and in the bone matrix (here called Sharpey's fibers) |
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Describe components of the pharynx.
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- epithelial layer of oropharynx and laryngopharynx: stratified squamous, may be cornified in some species
- epithelium of nasopharynx: pseudostratified ciliated columnar - minor pharyngeal salivary glands in propria-submucosa - paired pharyngeal tonsils in some species - tunica muscularis: striated skeletal muscle |
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Name the major salivary glands.
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- parotid, mandibular, sublingual, zygomatic (carnivores), molar (cat)
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Name the minor salivary glands.
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- labial, lingual, buccal, palatine
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Describe serous acinar cells.
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- round, central nucleus
- vesicles (granules) in apical cytoplasm - apical area is eosinophilic; basal area is basophilic (rER) - pyramid- or wedge-shaped cells |
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Describe mucous acinar cells.
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- irregularly-shaped, basal nucleus
- poorly staining cytoplasm (cell looks pale blue) - no granules |
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Describe mixed seromucous acini.
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- cells of both types normally interspersed
- serous demilune is fixation artifact: serous cells on outside, mucous cells on inside (next to duct) |
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Describe duct hierarchy in salivary glands.
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- intercalated duct (from acinus): squamous epithelium
- striated duct: cuboidal to columnar; appear striated in basal area due to infolding of basal membrane and interposed mitochondria; nuclei closer to apex (near duct lumen) - intralobular duct: cuboidal to columnar - interlobular duct: pseudostratified columnar - lobar duct: stratified columnar - main duct |
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What type of cell lies between secretory cells and basement membrane?
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Myoepithelial cells:
- modified epithelial cells with contractile properties - thin cytoplasmic processes interposed between cells of the secretory unit, forming basket-like network, so contraction forces secretory product into duct system |