Use LEFT and RIGHT arrow keys to navigate between flashcards;
Use UP and DOWN arrow keys to flip the card;
H to show hint;
A reads text to speech;
24 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
1.What are the components of the nephron.
|
The nephron includes: Renal corpuscle, proximal convoluted tubule, loop of Henle, distal convoluted tubule. Of all these, just the loop of Henle is a medullar structure while the rest reside in the renal cortex.
|
|
1.What are the differences between the nephron and the uriniferous tubule.
|
The nephron plus the collecting tubule and collecting duct makes the uriniferous tubule (anatomofunctional unit of the kidney).
|
|
1.What is the specific function of the juxtamedular nephrons?
|
Most nephrons are cortical, and the juxtamedular ones, although less abundant, contribute with most of the urine concentration.
|
|
1.The _____________ create the visceral layer of the Bowman capsule, and their secondary processes known as ______________ define the filtration slits where filtration actually happens.
|
The cells of the visceral layer of the Bowman capsule, known as podocytes, have finger-like cellular projections known as pedicels, which intertwine with the ones of the neighboring cell. Between the pedicels the filtration slits are created.
|
|
1.Mention in order the components of the filtration barrier.
|
The filtration barrier is made by:
Endothelial cells Fused basal laminae (that is, the basal lamina of the podocytes fused with the basal lamina of the capillary vessel). Podocytes |
|
1.Afferent arterioles branch creating the _____________ and they join to create the _______________ that branches again to create _______________ that finally join to create venules.
|
Arterial circulation in the kidney
Interlobar arteries – arcuate arteries – interlobular arteries – afferent arterioles – glomerulus – efferent arterioles – intertubular cortical and medullar capillaries (interstitial capillaries) - venules |
|
1.What type of capillary vessels is found in the glomerulus?
|
Efferent arterioles
|
|
1.What are mesangial cells?
|
Mesangial cells thrive mostly inside the glomerulus. They modify the diameter of the glomerular capillaries and may act as macrophages.
|
|
1.The _________________ tubule is the most abundant tubular structure in the cortex, it has a remarkable ______________________ activity, and has as function the __________________ of macromolecules.
|
Proximal tubule
1.Most abundant tubular structure in the renal cortex 2.Abundance of mitochondriae, microvilli and basal infoldings. Activity of acid phosphatase. Function: reabsorption of macromolecules. |
|
1.Mention the functions of the loop of Henle.
|
Mostly a medullar structure
Function: Water and salt are reabsorbed. Most of the gradient of hypertonicity (urine concentration) is acquired here |
|
1.What major differences both morphologically and functionally the distal convoluted tubule has, if compared to the proximal convoluted tubule?
|
Distal tubule
1.Better defined lumen and cytoplasm than the proximal tubule 2.Function: water is reabsorbed. Some substances are excreted into the urine |
|
1.What are the components of the juxtaglomerular apparatus?
|
Juxtaglomerular cells: Modified smooth muscle cells that secrete renin.
Macula densa: Specialized portion of the distal tubule facing the vascular pole of the renal corpuscle. Pole cushion (aka polkissen or lacis cells): Extramesangial cells at the vascular pole of the renal corpuscle. |
|
1.What is the macula densa?
|
Macula densa: Specialized portion of the distal tubule facing the vascular pole of the renal corpuscle.
|
|
1.What is the pole cushion?
|
Pole cushion (aka polkissen or lacis cells): Extramesangial cells at the vascular pole of the renal corpuscl
|
|
1.What is renin and what are its functions?
|
Enzyme that regulates the body's overall arterial blood pressure
|
|
1.What is the function of the interstitial cells?
|
Between the tubules, these cells respond to low concentrations of oxygen. releasing erythropoietin, whose action is to increase the circulating erythrocytes.
|
|
1.What parts make the excretory portion of the urinary system?
|
Excretory portion (ureter, bladder, urethra)
|
|
1.What epithelium is found in the excretory portion of the urinary system?
|
All they have the highly elastic transitional epithelium (urothelium).
|
|
1.What is the disposition of the muscularis in the ureter?
|
1.Muscularis: Inner layer is longitudinal, outer layer is circular (contrary to what we had in the digestive tract)
Third layer, outer and longitudinal, confined to the lower third |
|
1.What is the disposition of the muscularis in the urinary bladder?
|
Muscularis: three layers (outer and inner longitudinal; middle circular)
|
|
1.Mention the most outstanding differences between the male and female urethra.
|
Length, three epithlia in male, 2 in female, female is prone to infection
|
|
1.What is the lamina propria of the male urethra.
|
Lamina propria at the penis: corpus spongiousum
|
|
1.What are the Littré glands?
|
Also at the penile urethra: Littré glands (secrete mucus)
|
|
1.What characteristic makes the female urethra more prone to infections?
|
length
|