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164 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
Solomon Stoddard
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pastor of the church in Northampton, a post he held for 55 years, noted the growing spiritual decline of the Puritans in New England Stoddard is generally credited with the Halfway Covenant, which was an attempt to incorporate nominal Christians into the life of the church, grandfather of Edwards
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Halfway Covenant
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provided partial church membership for people who followed the rules and creeds of the church (provided they had been baptized as babies), even if they did not profess to be converted, Solomon Stoddard’s attempt to reach a compromised position, allowed anyone to participate in the Lord’s Table
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John Wesley
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founder of Methodism, ministered in England, Arminianism, Perfectionist
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Jonathan Edwards
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Solomon Stoddard’s grandson, president of Princeton Univ., died from smallpox, emotions are not the sign, "Sinners in the hands of an Angry God"
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Religious Affections
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Jonathan Edwards treatise, defense of the Great Awakening, the fruit is the sure sign of genuine conversion and repentance
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Freedom of the Will
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critique of Arminianism, by Jonathan Edwards only God has free will, human apparent free will, compatibilist view
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Sinners in the Hands of an Angry God
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Edward’s most famous sermon preached in Enfield, Connecticut in 1741
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Charles Wesley
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wrote 6,000 hymns, brother of John Wesley, founded Holy Club
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George Whitefield
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key in English revival with John & Charles Wesley, great evangelist, Great Awakening |
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Methodists
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were legalists that met in Oxford, methodical approach to living
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Oxford University
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Charles, John Wesley and George Whitefield attended |
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Holy Club
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set up by John and Charles Wesley
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Henry Scougal
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Scottish theologian, wrote "The Life of God in the Soul of Man"
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Sophy Hopkey
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the girl that John Wesley met in Georgia
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Mary Vazeille
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John Wesley’s wife, ended in separation
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Gilbert Tennent
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New Light Puritan preacher, accused any detractor not saved
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David Brainerd
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influenced Edwards greatly, missionary to the native American tribes, stayed with the Edwards family, sparked the modern missions movement, died at age 29
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New Light Presbyterians
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supporters of Great Awakening
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Old Light Presbyterians
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criticize revival, emotions
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Yale
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Jonathan Edwards attended and graduated head of his class, distinguishing marks of the true work of the Spirit of God,
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Princeton (College of New Jersey)
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Jonathan Edwards & Jonathan Dickinson became president of what is now _______________ Univ.
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Northampton, Mass.
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location of Jonathan Edwards church, Solomon Stoddard, ministry of David Brainerd
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Enfield, Conn.
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where sermon “sinners in the hands of an angry God” was preached
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New Haven, Conn.
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Edwards first 21 resolutions written in ___________, where Yale is
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Stockbridge, Mass.
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Edwards became a pastor here after he was fired, became missionary to the Indian tribe
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Samuel Davies
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one of the presidents of Princeton (New Jersey)
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John Witherspoon
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Scottish minister, president of Princeton (25+yrs) , brings stability, periods of revival on campus, signed Declaration
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John McMillan
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student of Princeton, starts a college in Pittsburg, Penn., apostle to the West
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Princeton Theological Seminary
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separate from University
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Archibald Alexander
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co-founder of newly formed Princeton Seminary, sought to stand against Finney and New Divinity, mentor of Charles Hodge
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Charles Hodge
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American theologian, principal of Princeton Seminary, wrote Systematic Theology in English
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Ashbel Green
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president of Princeton Univ.
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James M’Gready
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student of John McMillan, goes to Kentucky and begins to hold church services outside “camp meetings”
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Francis Asbury
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John Wesley’s successor in America, the father of American Methodism, itinerant preacher, he clocked more than 300,000 on horseback
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Peter Cartwright
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Methodist evangelist, wrote "John Calvin and the Devil"
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Camp Meetings
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church services held outside, resulted in disorderly atmosphere
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Charles Finney
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revival of Methodism, evangelist, revival is something that can be planned
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New Measures
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defended by Finney, necessary part of his evangelistic technique, redefines conversion, man’s will is not corrupt, you don’t need a new nature to be saved,
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Asahel Nettleton
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New England pastor, opposed to Finney, revival is an unexpected work of God
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Lyman Beecher
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New England pastor, opposed to then would later come to support Finney
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Gardiner Spring
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New England pastor (New York City), critical of Finney
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Nathaniel Taylor
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a professor of theology at Yale Divinity School, tried to combat Unitarianism by softening Calvinism, willing to abandon total depravity
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New Divinity
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opposition to Calvinism, started by Taylor
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Rene Descartes
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dutch philosopher, I think therefore I am , rationalism (reason)
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John Locke
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invented empiricism (scientific method)
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The Age of Enlightenment
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resulted in rationalism and romanticism, rise of rational skepticism, the message of the Bible began to come under attack
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Rationalism
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elevation of human reason and science
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Romanticism
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elevation of human feeling and emotion, experiences, safeguarded by bill of rights
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Deism
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version of atheism, existence of a creator then he walked away
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Baruch Spinoza
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Dutch/Jewish philosopher, rejected the doctrine of biblical inspiration and inerrancy, the Bible ought to be evaluated and criticized like any other literary work, taught that god was an impersonal and abstract force
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Johann Eichhorn
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taught in Germany, father of modern OT criticism, introduced redactors, taught naturalism as a way to explain everything supernatural recorded in the OT, the synoptic gospels were based on an earlier Aramaic gospel
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Friedrich Schleiermacher
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the father of liberal theology and the father of modern protestant theology, influenced by Pietism, attended Univ. of Halle (rationalist influence) and introduced to historical criticism, skepticism led to rejection of orthodox Christianity, influenced by Immanuel Kant, romanticism
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Ferdinand C.Bauer
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head of the Tubingen School of theology, applied Hegelian Dialetics after Georg Hegel consisting of thesis, antithesis, synthesis, to argue that second century Christianity was a synthesis between Jewish Christianity (led by Peter) and an opposing version of Christianity (led by Paul)
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Georg W. F.Hegel
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taught Acts, Epistles, John all inventions of the church in 2nd century, applied Hegelian Dialetics
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Hegelian Dialectics
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named after Georg W. F. Hegel, Ferdinand Christian Baur applied this, consisted of thesis, antithesis, synthesis |
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David F. Strauss
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student under Schleiermacher and Hegel, pioneer in the quest for the historical Jesus, The Life of Jesus, Critically Examined, influenced Jowett
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Quest for the Historical Jesus
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the Jesus of history is recovered and differentiated from the mythological Jesus of the Bible (Jesus of faith) authored by David F. Strauss, undermines historical veracity of Jesus
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Benjamin Jowett
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Anglican priest, Greek professor, The Epistles of St. Paul, followed David F. Strauss and denied historical Jesus, wrote "Essays and Reviews"
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Charles Darwin
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1815-Origin of Species, evolutionary biology
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Albrecht Ritschl
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Christianity based on social ethics, influenced by Kant and Schleiermacher, The Christian Doctrine of Justification and Reconciliation (social gospel), social justice, social founder
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Julius Wellhausen
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JEDP theory, pioneer of source criticism, Prologue to the History of Israel, laid out the Documentary Hypothesis, argued that the Pentateuch was not written by Moses
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Documentary Hypothesis
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gave chronological order to the supposed sources that contributed to the Pentateuch (in source criticism), JEDP
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Adolf von Harnack
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interested in the effects of Greek, Hellenistic thought on early Christian tradition, emphasis on church history, Jesus was just a nice guy who was misunderstood, liberal gospel, peeling back the layers of corn to get to the kernel of truth
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Hermann Gunkel
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son of a German Lutheran pastor, the originator of Form Criticism (classified Scripture into units based on similar literary patterns), assumes that the Bible is a collection of various oral traditions
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Rudolf Bultmann
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son of a Lutheran minister in Germany, student of Gunkel and adopted Gunkel’s form criticism, History of the Synoptic Tradition, Signs Gospel, demythologizing the gospel
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Source Criticism
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looks at beginning, multiple sources
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Form Criticism
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looks at end result
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Redaction Criticism
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middle, number of editors
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Neo-Orthodoxy
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response to liberalism, not quite all the way back to orthodoxy
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Karl Barth
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opponent of liberal theology, introduced neo-orthodoxy, the Word of God is not the Bible, the Word of God involves a mystical relationship with God, denies the bodily resurrection of Christ
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Emil Brunner
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opponent of liberal theology, neo-orthodoxy, Taught at Zurich, Switzerland at the same time Barth taught at Basel, Was a theistic evolutionist, Accepted Higher Criticism of the biblical documents, Brunner rejected Barth’s total rejection of natural theology. Brunner believed that natural theology still had an important role, Brunner argued for a “point of contact” for the Gospel in human nature.
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John Elliot
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apostle to the Indians in New England, “Indian Apostle”, published a translation of the Bible into the Algonquian language
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Thomas Mayhew
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witnessed to the Indians, first to colonize Martha’s Vineyard
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David Brainerd
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evangelist to the Indians, biography by Edwards, One of the most famous of the early missionaries to the native American
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Jonathan Edwards
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Edwards began missionary work among the Housatonic Indians of Stockbridge, Masachusetts, Jonathan Edwards is considered by some historians to be the “grandfather of modern missions
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William Carey
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shoe cobbler, “father of modern missions”; he helped found the Baptist Missionary Society (among Particular [or Calvinistic] Baptists), An Enquiry into the Obligations of Christians to Use Means for the Conversion of the Heathen.
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Adoniram Judson
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American missionary, Burma, He was a Congregationalist at the time, but would become a Baptist (during the voyage to India)
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J. Hudson Taylor
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first missionary to China, China inland mission
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David Livingstone
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missionary to Africa
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Mormonism
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Latter-Day Saints, accept the book of Mormon, the pearl of great price, and the doctrines and covenants along with the Bible, low view of Christ, polytheistic, practiced polygamy, believes in baptism for the dead
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Joseph Smith
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dug up a book of thin golden plates, translated and published the book as The Book of Mormon, killed at Nauvoo by a mob who hated his doctrine of polygamy
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Brigham Young
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the Mormons migrated to Utah, under the leadership of Brigham Young, Salt Lake City became the center of the Church of JC of Latter-day Saints, 50 wives
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Seventh-Day Adventists
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cult, mosaic law requirements, started by William Miller
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William Miller
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founder of Seventh-Day Adventists, a farmer, studied Daniel and Revelation, concluded that Christ would return to earth; sold possessions and waited
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Ellen G. White
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Her prophecies were instrumental in the Adventist movement
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Christian Science
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urban sect, healing by mental assent to truth that denied the reality of both illness and matter, CSA formed,
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Mary Baker Eddy
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founded Christian Science, became depressed and sick, set up a practice and imparted this knowledge in a series of lessons, published Science and Health
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Jehovah’s Witnesses
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watchtower society, came out of the Bible Student Movement, started by Charles Taze Russell, invisible return, heavenly resurrection of 144,000, deny deity of Christ
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Charles Taze Russell
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founder of Jehovah Witnesses, published Zion’s watch tower and herald of Christ’s Kingdom, invisible return, heavenly resurrection of 144,000, deny deity of Christ
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Zion’s Watch Tower Tract Society
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Russell started this for Jehovah's Witness publications
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Temperance Movement
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tried to get right of alcohol, believed that the creeds of church history were full of error and the church needed to be restored to its true, primitive teachings, late 18th century
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Benjamin Rush
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medical doctor, alcohol is not good for your health, temperance movement to try to rid society of alcohol
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Goodwill
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started as parachurch ministries, work in America shortly after its founding in England, Street meetings, social settlements, homes, nurseries
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Salvation Army
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founded in England by former Pastor William Booth in 1865 |
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YMCA
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founded by Londoner George Williams in 1844 |
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Social Gospel
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grew out of the theology of Albrecht Ritschl, Society could and should be thoroughly reformed by Christianity, Called on the churches to speak out against the major evils of the day
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Washington Gladden
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American father of social gospel, he tried to apply Christian principles to the social and economic situation in the United States, Working People and Their Employers, Applied Christianity, Social Salvation
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Charles Sheldon
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book in his steps, what would Jesus do, Main popularizer of the feelings of the Social Gospel to the common people
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Walter Rauschenbusch
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"the social crisis", Most influential, German-American Baptist, professor of church history at Colgate Rochester Theological Seminary, Like Ritschl, his central concept was the Kingdom of god, social order, social gospel
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Theological liberalism
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is the doctrinal viewpoint that (a) rejects the full inspiration and inerrancy of the Bible, (b) with the result that major doctrines of the Bible (Deity of Christ, virgin birth, etc.) are either denied or compromised.
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Harry Emerson Fosdick
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liberal, Presbyterian pastor, "shall the fundamentalist win?"
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Pentecostalism
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started by Parham
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Charles Parham
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founder, American Pentecostal pioneer and author, believed that evidence of the Holy Spirit’s power in a person’s life was evidenced by speaking in tongues
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Agnes Ozman
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began speaking in the Chinese language
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Topeka, KS
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place of Bible institute in Fall 190
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Azusa Street Revival
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In 1906 tongues were spoken at Azusa Street in Los Angeles
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William J. Seymour
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took teaching to LA, in 1906 beginning of Pentecostal movement, One of Parham’s students
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Charismatic Renewal
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1960’s second wave
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St. Mark’s Episcopal Church
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It started at an Episcopalian Church. St. Mark’s church, Dennis Bennett as rector
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Van Nuys, CA
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In 1960 in Van Nuys, CA the modern Charismatic movement began
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Dennis Bennett
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began speaking in tongues
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Third Wave
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Pasadena, This is a movement that began in the 1980s that was closely associated with the ministry of John Wimber and the Vineyard Movement. Other key leaders include C. Peter Wagner and Paul Cain
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John Wimber
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teach class on miracles
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C. Peter Wagner
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Peter Wagner coined the phrase “third wave”
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New Haven Theology
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Taylorism, For those who found Old Calvinism hard to embrace
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Nathaniel Taylor
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Rejected the doctrine of imputation, Charles Hodge opposed him
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Progressive Orthodoxy
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Horace Bushnell, denied tenants of Christian faith, liberalism on American soil
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Horace Bushnell
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student of Taylor, brought Progressive orthodoxy, God in Christ (1849), Christ in Theology (1851), and Christian Nurture (1847).
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Princeton Theology
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response of conservatives at Princeton seminary, Princeton theology was “a scholarly, logical, luminous and warmhearted reproduction of the Calvinism of the seventeenth century as laid down in the Westminster standards of 1647
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Archibald Alexander
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Princeton, founded school, Used Francis Turretin’s theology book for a textbook
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Charles Hodge
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Founded the distinguished Biblical Repertory and Princeton Review in 1825, moderator of the old assembly, systematic theology
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A. A. Hodge
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Served as a missionary to India and a pastor, Served 12 years at Allegheny Seminary as Professor of systematic theology, Co-author with B. B. Warfield of an important essay on inerrancy, published Outlines in Theology
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B. B. Warfield
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Succeeded A. A. Hodge as Professor of Didactic and Polemic Theology at Princeton, Wrote “an incredible number of articles, review, and monographs for both popular and scholarly forums
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D. L. Moody
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revivalist, Moody moved to Chicago and joined the Plymouth Congregational Church where he began teaching a children’s Sunday school class. He also became active in the YMCA, llinois Street Church, Chicago YMCA,
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Sam Jones
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A Georgia lawyer, excessive drinker, left legal career, Eventually went into a lay ministry with the southern Methodists, Became a circuit rider in Georgia
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Rodney “Gypsy” Smith
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Joined the Salvation Army and served as a Captain, Began evangelistic ministry, and in 1889, went to America on an evangelistic tour, Joined Manchester Wesleyan Mission, and later worked with the YMCA, made 40 campaigns
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Billy Sunday
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former baseball player, preached against the devil, dancing, booze
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A. J. Gordon
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pastors, Clarendon Street Church, Boston, Founded and edited a periodical, The Watchword, Boston Missionary Training School (Gordon Bible College),
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James H. Brooks
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pastors, Grandfather was president of Hampden Sidney College, Founder of the Niagara Bible Conference, teacher of Scofield
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C. I. Scofield
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pastors, reference bible, Helped found Philadelphia Bible Institute
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Niagara Bible Conference
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met every year for about 25 years, created a 14 point creed, Began with a small bible study in 1875 near Chicago, led by J. H. Brookes
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Northfield Conferences
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Started in 1880 by D. L. Moody
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Moody Bible Institute
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pg. 312, started by Moody, Originally founded as Chicago Bible Institute
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Bible Institute of Los Angeles
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(BIOLA) RA Torrey
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The Fundamentals
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espoused and fought for the 5 fundamentals, secondary separation, first coined by Curtis Lee Laws
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Charles A. Briggs
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Presbyterian seminary professors, denied inerrancy, defrocked and dismissed, heresy trials
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Henry P. Smith
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denied inerrancy,Professor of church history at Hebrew at Lane Theological Seminary, charged with heresy on inspiration and suspended from the Presbyterian ministry
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A. C. McGiffert
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denied inerrancy,Presbyterian Professor at Lane Seminary, 1888-93, and Union Seminary, published A History of Christianity in the Apostolic Age
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William Jennings Bryan
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was the legal prosecutor against John T Scopes, represented Fundamental Christians
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J. Gresham Machen
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fought to get liberals out of PCUSA, left Princeton, Professor and co-founder of Westminster Seminary
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Princeton Theological Seminary
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Machen left ____________ started Westminister
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Westminster Theological Seminary
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Machen leaves Princeton to start ____________
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General Association of Regular Baptists
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under leadership of Robert Ketcham
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Conservative Baptist Association
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started as a result of fundamentalism
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Orthodox Presbyterian Church
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Machen had presented concrete evidence of liberalism within the Presbyterian Board, But instead of dealing with the liberalism, the Presbyterian church brought charges against Machen, Woodbridge, and Carl McIntire. Defrocked them in 1935, took up the support of Westminster
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Bible Presbyterian Church
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The OPC was made up of two groups which corresponded to the Old School and New School divisions, in May, 1937, fourteen ministers and three elders withdrew to form the Bible Presbyterian Synod
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Reformed Presbyterian Church, Evangelical Synod
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Laird Harris and J. O. Buswell split from McIntire, and formed the Evangelical Presbyterian Church, this Presbyterian Church merged with the Reformed Presbyterian in North America, General Synod--to form the Reformed Presbyterian Church, Evangelical Synod
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Presbyterian Church in America
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Split from the liberal Presbyterian Church in the U.S. (Southern Presbyterian Church), Reformed Presbyterian Church, Evangelical Synod merged with the PCA
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Independent Fundamentalist Churches of America
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now non-denominational
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American Council of Christian Churches
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fundamentalist group, hyper-separatist, started by McIntire
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National Association of Evangelicals
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younger fundamentalist, disagreements regarding the application of separation led to the establishment of this organization, evangelicalism started, split historic fundamentalism into two groups: new evangelicals (NAE) and separatist fundamentalists (ACCC)
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Carl McIntire
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helped organized the ACCC
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John R. Rice
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advocate of Billy Graham, had to abandon later
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The Sword of the Lord
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magazine published by John. R. Rice
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Bob Jones Sr.
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Methodist, fundamentalist opposed secondary separation, Bob Jones Univ.
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Harold John Ockenga
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first president of NAE, first president of Fuller Seminary, influence on Billy Graham, later becomes president of Gordon Conwell Seminary
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Fuller Theological Seminary
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original evangelical school, Caltech of theology, quest for influence led to their decline,
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Trinity Evangelical Divinity School
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faculty left Fuller to start this school
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Gordon Conwell Theological Seminary
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where Ockenga went after leaving Fuller
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Carl F. H. Henry
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Served as first editor-in-chief of Christianity Today, helped begin the National Association of Evangelicals, helped establish Fuller, Henry's magnum opus was a six-volume work entitled God, Revelation, and Authority
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E. J. Carnell
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2nd president of Fuller, Carnell wrote on how technology could be used to promote Christianity, The Case for Orthodox Theology
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Billy Graham
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grew up in fundamentalism, turned his back and began to work with liberals
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Christianity Today
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magazine started by Billy Graham
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The Master’s Seminary -
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founded in 1986 by John MacArthur in Sun Valley, CA |