History 122 First Test

Meant restoration of the seceded state to the Union.

Major questions for the Federal Government

1. On what basis should confederate be brought back?

2. How should southern white be treated?

3.What should be done for the freed slaves?

Verge of collapse

1.Many ares's no government until the installation of military rule.

2.Most schools and churches ceased to operate.

3.Poverty, hunger, disease threatened lives of thousands.

Economy shattered by the war

1. Farm, plantations, towns, bridges and railroads destroyed

2. confederate currency and bonds worthless.

3 4 million slaves worth 2 billion lost

Was on the verge of collapse

1. many ares there was no government until the installation of federal military rule

2. Most schools and churches had ceased to operate

3. Poverty, hunger and disease threatened the lives of thousands

The emancipation of the slaves demolished the Southern labor system and gave rise to a whole new set of racial problems.

During the war, the Northern view was that secession was illegal, that the confederate states had always been and still were a part of the Union, that the south were rebels or insurgents and the official designation of the conflict was "the war of Rebellion"

Claimed the validity of secession and maintained that they were out of the union

Each side adopted the other's argument

1.North claimed by the south leaving the union, had forfeited all their rights as states and could now be treated as conquered territory.

2. South claimed their rights in the Union remained intact and they should speedily be permitted to regain their normal state

3.confusion on whether the president of U.S. or the congress had the right to conduct the reconstruction process.

Lincoln viewed the south had not left the union, they only been in a state of rebellion. During the war Lincoln put out a plan of reconstruction into effect in areas occupied by Union troops.

1. Pardon all southerners(except high civil and military officials), provided they take an oatch of allegiance to the United States.

2. Restoration of a seceded state to the Union would take place when 10% of the white who voted in the 1860 election took an oath of allegiance and formed a state government guaranteeing the abolition of slavery.

*congress opposed but Lincoln argued that his presidential powers permitted him to goahead

Lincoln assassinated in 1865 but Andrew Johnson a southerner dem. adopted his plan

Radical Republicans in congress were annoyed by the mildness of Lincoln's plan

1.repudiated the reconstructed state governments

2. would not seat their representatives in congress

Asserted their own jurisdiction over Reconstruction by passing the Wad-davis bill in july 1864

-congress, not the presedent was to execute the reconstruction program

- A majority, not 10% must swear allegiance before a state government could be set up.

- a ndw state constitution must repudiate secession and abolish slavery.

- An iron clad oath that one had never voluntarily given support to the confederacy, was required as a qualification for voting.

Lincoln's successor was ill-suited to hold pres.

- not elected in his own right, lacked any sort of mandate and the respect and gratitude of the nation that Lincoln had gained as a wartime president

-Devoted Unionist, was a southerner and a former slaveholder who cared less about the freed slaves than the poor south whites.

- He was a Dem. heading a Rep. Government in a time everyone was worried about the status of political parties

-As a representative of the lower classes of the south, he had little enthusiasm for Republican economic policies.

-Stubborn, dogmatic and vindictive when the pres. required someone who was practical, tactful and politically realistic.

he proclaimed a general amnesty to all southerner, except confederate leaders, those whose wealth exceeded 20,000 and those who would not swear allegiance to the Union.

2. All those who qualified under the amnesty and who were eligible to voe in 1860 could then elect a state convention to:

- proclaim the illegality of secession

- repudiate confederate debt

-ratily the thirteenth amendment

1 All states, save Texas, had fulfilled the terms.

2 The process of reconstruction was complete.

3 it was now the duty of Congress to seat the Southern representatives.

1, Rep. did not want to see the power they had gained during the war threatened by the reurn of the southern states that would vote with the dem. party

2Rep. idustrialists feared that the south would join with agrarian Dem. to oppose the protective tariff, hard money policy, easy credit, and government subsidies with had been ganed during the war.

3. many in the north did not want to see the ex-confederates gain control in the south until the freed slaves had been guaranteed certain basic rights.

Some radical rep. resented Johnson's leadership and desired to restore the pre-war authority of congress

That they had fought a long hard war, and now they deserved the fruits of victory. This meant that the south must be symbolically punished and made to go through a probationary period.

1. Quibbled over the abolition of slavery and other conditions required of them

2. refused to grant freed slaves the right to vote

3. elected unpardoned rebels to high office

4 passed the Black Codes

Section 1. Neither slavery nor involuntary servitude, except as a punishment for crime

Section 2. Congress shall have the power to enforce this article by appropriate legislation

Designed to keep freed slaves poor, property-less and uneducated.

1. racial segregation was established in public

2.could not serve as jurors, testify in court against a Whiteman and interracial marriages were prohibited

3 Vagrancy and apprenticeship laws bound the slaves to work the land for white men.

these codes turned the north against the reconstructed states, against Johnson, and in favor of the radical republicans

Federal agency set up on a temp. basis to care for the newly freed slaves. congress passed the bill to the president

Johnson veto extending the life of the agency and enlarging its scope.

Bureau agents helped freedmen find jobs, food, clothing and shelter

Supervised their education, and attempted to protect their civil rights.

This law(also passed over Johnson's veto) aimed to protect freemen from suck discriminatory legislation as the Black Codes.

It bestowed citizenship on all freemen and affirmed their right to equal and full benefit of all laws and proceedings for the security of persons and property as enjoyed by white people

All native born and naturalized persons, including blacks, as citizens.

- deprive any persons of life, liberty, or property without due process of the law or

deny to any person within its jurisdiction the equal protection of the laws.

- barred confederates who had held either local, state, or federal government positions before the war from again holding public office;

- voided the confederate war debt

- forbade payments to slaveholders from losses arising from emancipation.

passed over Johnson's veto

1. the ten unreconstructed states were divided into 5 military districts, each policed by federal troops under the command of a military governor

2. To qualify for readmission to the Union, a state had to hold a convention and frame a new constitution guaranteeing black suffrage.