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114 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Who organized the Virgina Company?
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Merchants and nobility.
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It was thought that the English colonies would...
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...provide a market for English goods and a place to send the unemployed.
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King James' land grant to the Virginia Company of over 6.5 million acres and everything they might contain was in essence:
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A royal license to poach on Spanish claims and on Indian lands.
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Only 38 of the 144 Englishmen who made the first voyage to what would become Jamestown, Virginia survived the first year. This high mortality rate is explained primarily by:
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Disease and mismanagement.
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The majority of the original settlers who came to Jamestown and the Virginia colony were:
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Gentlemen and their servants.
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The Virginia colony in 1607 might have survived if the colonists had:
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Understood farming.
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Compared to the Spanish colonists in the New World in the 16th century, the English of the Virginia Company:
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Expressed less concern for the conversion of the Indians to Christianity.
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Because of the success of the Virginia Company, many of Powhatan's people...
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...died.
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Powhatan and his people were suspicious of English intentions because:
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The colonists bullied Indians to make them follow English norms.
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The factors that contributed to King James' decision to revoke the Virginia Company charter and make it a royal colony in 1624 were:
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Opechancanough's uprising and an investigative report showing that disease and mismanagement were responsible for high mortality rates.
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Under royal government in Virginia, all free adult men could vote for:
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Local burgesses.
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The crop that turned Virginia into a stable colony was:
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Tobacco.
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If you wanted to be a highly profitable tobacco farmer in the 1600's in Virginia, the biggest obstacle you were likely to face was:
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Finding workers.
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As an incentive to encourage settlement in the Virginia colony, the Virginia Company initiated and the royal government continued to grant head rights, which gave:
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Fifty acres of land to settlers who paid their own transportation to the colony.
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What conditions contributed to the servant labor system that flourished in the British colonies?
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The New World's labor shortage and the English people's poverty and willingness to work.
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Early Chesapeake society was essentially a society of:
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Workers, 80% of whom were indentured servants.
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After an indentured servant completed his or her contract term, an employer was required to give the servant:
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Freedom dues.
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Indentured servants tended to be:
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Poor young men born in England.
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Most planters saw indentured servants as:
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Cheap labor.
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Indentured women:
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Were not permitted to marry until their servitude was complete.
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Indentured servants could have their servitude extended by years if they:
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Stole, became pregnant, or ran away.
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In the 1660's, Maryland:
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Attracted settlers as readily as Virginia.
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Masters in the Chesapeake were so hungry for labor that they:
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Did not hesitate to devise legal ways to keep servants under their control.
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The dispersion of settlements in the Chesapeake can be explained by:
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The marketing system of farmers and the acreage needed to make a profit.
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Lord Baltimore received 6.5 million acres in the Chesapeake region and created the colony of Maryland as a refuge for Catholics...
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But the majority of settlers there were Protestants, few of whom were as wealthy as the Catholics, and conflict existed between the groups.
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The term yeoman planter refers to:
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A farmer who owns a small plot of land that is worked primarily by himself and his family.
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The decline in the price of tobacco in the third quarter of the seventeenth century contributed to the:
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end of the rough equality within the Chesapeake population.
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By the 1670s, the Chesapeake social structure was polarized based on:
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ownership of land.
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Mercantilist assumptions suggested that:
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economic policies should place the welfare of the imperial power above the welfare of the colonies.
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Bacon's Rebellion erupted in 1676 as a dispute over Indian policy, and it ended as a conflict between:
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the planter elite and small farmers.
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Nathaniel Bacon distressed the royal government and elite planters of Virginia because his demands:
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caused the traditional establishment to lose power to newcomers and small farmers.
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The factors that helped the social and political distance that existed between planters and small farmers to decrease between 1660 and 1700 was:
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A decline in the number of indentured servants in the colony and a greater dependency on slave labor.
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The slave labor system that was introduced to the Chesapeake was “exported” to:
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Barbados.
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The British colony that brought in the greatest profit in 1700 was:
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Barbados.
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The only seventeenth-century English colony that was settled principally by colonists from other colonies rather than from England was:
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Carolina.
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The first profitable export crop grown in Carolina was:
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Rice.
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Studying the economy and slave labor system of the Caribbean sugar islands is important because it helps us better understand the:
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first major settlement of slaves and slave owners in Carolina.
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Until the 1670s, almost all Chesapeake colonists were English, but by 1700, one out of:
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eight people in the region was African.
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One reason that the Chesapeake shifted from an indentured servant labor force to a slave labor force was that:
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slavery provided a perpetual labor force.
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One important advantage that a slave labor system had over a servant labor system for planters was that slaves:
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could be controlled politically.
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Slavery in the Chesapeake region:
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lessened the political tension among the planter elite, small farmers, and free, landless servants.
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Anne Hutchinson's emphasis on the “covenant of grace” stirred religious controversy in early Massachusetts because she:
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was feared to be disrupting the good order of the colony.
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King Henry VIII saw in the Protestant Reformation the opportunity to:
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make himself the head of the church and its properties in England.
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Sixteenth-century English Puritanism:
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was a set of broadly interpreted ideas and religious principles held by those seeking to purify the Church of England of what they considered the offensive features of Catholicism.
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When King Charles I dissolved Parliament in 1629, many Puritans:
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despaired at having lost their political voice and prepared to leave England.
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Puritans who described themselves as separatists believed that:
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the Church of England was beyond redemption and sought to separate themselves from it permanently.
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Samoset and Squanto were:
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Wampanoag Indians who befriended the Plymouth settlers and helped ensure the survival of the young colony.
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The charter of the Massachusetts Bay Company was unique because it:
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contained a feature that allowed the government of the company to be located in the colony rather than in England.
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The English Puritans who founded Massachusetts Bay Colony:
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had not broken completely with the Church of England and had no use for the separatist beliefs of some of the Englishmen who earlier had founded the Plymouth colony.
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According to John Winthrop's sermon aboard the Arbella, the Puritans had “entered into a covenant” with God, meaning that they:
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had been chosen to do God's special work of building a holy community as an example to others and failure meant suffering God's wrath.
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Early settlers in Massachusetts Bay experienced fewer difficulties with native Americans than had colonists in the Chesapeake primarily because:
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an epidemic had decimated the Indian population in the region before the English settlers arrived.
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For the most part, the Puritans who settled Massachusetts Bay:
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were farmers or tradesmen who came from the middle ranks of English society.
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When John Winthrop described each Puritan family as a “little commonwealth,” he meant that:
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each family was hierarchical in structure (children were subordinate to their parents and other elders, women were subordinate to their husbands, and so forth), as God had intended.
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When Puritans referred to “the church,” they meant:
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the men and women who had entered a solemn covenant with one another and with God.
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According to the Puritan doctrine of predestination, before the creation of the world God had decided who would achieve salvation, and...
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...nothing one did could alter one's fate, and very few deserved or would achieve eternal life.
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Puritan churches...
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...had no direct role in governing the colonies.
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Puritan communities in the first half of the seventeenth century could be characterized as:
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having a high degree of conformity in community members' views on morality, order, and propriety.
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Churches played no role in the civil government of New England communities because Puritans:
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did not want to emulate the Church of England, which they considered a puppet of the king rather than an independent body that served the Lord.
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Because of the seventeenth-century New England land distribution policy, towns:
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tended to consist of family plots, agricultural land, common land, and land set aside for new settlers and descendants.
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Roger Williams was:
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a vocal dissenter in early Massachusetts who challenged the religious and political leadership of the colony's powerful men.
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In 1635, who helped found the colony of Rhode Island?
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Roger Williams.
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In the seventeenth century, Puritan churches in New England:
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Experienced a growing number of divisions over issues of doctrine and church government.
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Puritans in England in the mid-seventeenth century:
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won a civil war, proclaimed a republic, named Oliver Cromwell as "Lord Portector," and ruled the nation from 1649 to 1660.
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The seventeenth-century New England economy mainly consisted of:
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subsistence farming mixed with fishing and timber harvesting for markets in Europe and the West Indies.
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New England's population continued to grow steadily during the seventeenth century primarily due to:
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a relatively high birth rate coupled with a climate that helped many children survive and live into adulthood.
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By the 1680s, New England's population had grown large and had splintered to the point that:
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although only 15 percent of adult males were church members, heated debates between factions were common.
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The Halfway Covenant was a:
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measure that was instituted by Puritan leaders in 1662 allowing the unconverted children of visible saints to become halfway church members and that was intended to keep communities as godly as possible.
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Members of the Society of Friends, or Quakers, believed that God:
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spoke directly to each individual through an “inner light” and that neither a minister nor the Bible was necessary to discover God's word.
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Puritans viewed Quakers as:
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dangerous to Puritan doctrines of faith and social order to the point that Puritans executed a few Quakers.
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Accusing people of witchcraft in seventeenth-century New England seems to have been:
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a way to explain the continual disorder in some communities by blaming difficulties on older, relatively defenseless women assumed to be in league with Satan.
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In seventeenth-century New England, accusing someone of witchcraft often became a useful way to:
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cast oneself as a victim and blame one's misfortune on evil forces beyond the control of mere mortals.
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During most of the seventeenth century, New Netherland was:
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a Dutch colony whose land was discovered in explorations made by Henry Hudson in 1609.
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The colony of New Netherland was marked by a:
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small, remarkably diverse population.
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When Charles II became king of England in 1664, New Netherland:
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was taken from the Dutch by the king, renamed New York, and presented it to the king's brother James, the Duke of York, as part of a larger grant of land.
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When the English assumed control of New Netherland, they continued the Dutch policy of religious toleration because:
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the heterogeneity of New Netherland made imposing a uniform religion not only difficult but nearly impossible.
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The creation of New York led indirectly to the founding of two other middle colonies:
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New Jersey and Pennsylvania.
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The Quaker maxim “In souls there is no sex” helps explain the:
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degree to which Quakers allowed women to assume positions of religious leadership in the seventeenth century.
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The Indian policy in seventeenth-century Pennsylvania:
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involved purchasing Indians' land, respecting their claims, and dealing with them fairly.
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Among other things, religious toleration in Quaker-dominated Pennsylvania meant that colonists there:
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did not have to pay taxes to maintain a state-supported church.
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As proprietor of Pennsylvania, William Penn:
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had extensive powers subject only to review by the king but chose to appoint a governor who could veto legislation of the colonial council.
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The Navigation Acts of the 1650s and 1660s were designed to regulate colonial trade in order to:
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yield revenues for the crown and English merchants and protect the colonies' trade from England's competitors and enemies.
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By the end of the seventeenth century, colonial commerce was characterized by:
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strong ties to England due to royal supervision of merchants and shippers, the protection of the British navy, and a healthy flow of imports and exports between the colonies and England.
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King Charles II took a personal interest in getting greater control over New England because:
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his father, Charles I, had been executed by Puritans in England.
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In 1686, England created the Dominion of New England, a new government consolidation that:
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placed all colonies north of Maryland under the direct control of England and invalidated all land titles.
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In 1688, the Glorious Revolution in England influenced American colonists to:
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rise up against royal authority (and the concept of the Dominion of New England) in Massachusetts, New York, and Maryland.
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The most important change that occurred in colonial America in the eighteenth century was:
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an enormous increase in population.
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In eighteenth-century America, the main sources of population growth and diversity were:
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Immigration and natural increase.
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In the eighteenth century, the majority of immigrants coming to America were from:
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Scotland, Ireland, or Africa.
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Although the New England population grew sixfold during the eighteenth century, it lagged behind the growth in the other colonies because:
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most immigrants chose other colonies to avoid New England's inhospitable Puritan orthodoxy and relatively high ratio of people to land.
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By the eighteenth century, the colonial New England practice of “partible inheritance” had resulted in plots of land that were too small for a family to make a living. Partible inheritance means that lands were subdivided:
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About equally between all the sons in a family.
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By 1770, New Englanders had only one-fourth as much wealth as free colonists in the South, in part because:
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the scarcity of land made it impossible for farmers to produce cash crops in the quantities necessary to become wealthy.
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The eighteenth-century New England economy could be characterized as being dominated by:
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A network of trade.
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The commercial economy of New England was dominated by:
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Merchants.
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Why were there so few slaves in New England during the eighteenth century?
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New England's family farming was not suited for slave labor.
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By 1770, the middle colonies had a uniquely diverse immigrant population; the largest number of immigrants were:
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German and Scots-Irish.
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Most of the Scots-Irish who came to the colonies were farm laborers or tenant farmers who were leaving behind:
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droughts, crop failures, high food prices, or high rents.
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Many Germans without passage money arrived in Philadelphia as “redemptioners,” who were:
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people who obtained money for passage from a friend or relative in the colonies or by selling themselves as servants once they arrived.
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In the middle colonies of the eighteenth century, slaves:
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were not much needed on the wheat farms, which operated mostly with family labor.
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An early Pennsylvania policy encouraging settlement was to:
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negotiate with Indian tribes to purchase land, which reduced frontier clashes.
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Pennsylvania exported flour to this destination more than to any other destination.
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The West Indies.
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Economic growth in the middle colonies, particularly in Pennsylvania, came from:
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Wheat production.
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The dominant group in eighteenth-century Philadelphia society in terms of wealth and political power was:
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Quaker merchants.
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oor Richard's Almanack mirrored the beliefs of its Pennsylvania readers in its glorification of:
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Work and wealth.
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The defining feature of the southern colonies in the eighteenth century was:
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Slavery.
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From 1700 to 1770, the black population in the South increased almost three times faster than the white population of that area, and by 1770, blacks made up:
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40% of the southern population.
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The huge increase in the slave population in the South during the second half of the eighteenth century can be attributed to:
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Natural increase and the Atlantic slave trade.
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Southern planters tended to buy newly arrived Africans in small groups because they:
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wanted their new slaves to be trained by their seasoned slaves.
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South Carolina planters favored slaves from the central African Congo and Angola regions because:
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inguistic and cultural similarities allowed them to communicate with other African slaves from the same region, thereby easing newcomers' acculturation to slave life.
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The purpose of “seasoning” slaves was to:
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acclimate them to the physical and cultural environment of the southern colonies.
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What allowed the monarch to collect taxes on colonial goods?
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Navigation Acts.
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Southern masters preferred black slaves over white indentured servants because:
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Slaves served for life and could be beaten into submission.
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The Stono rebellion proved that slaves:
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could not overturn slavery or win in a fight for freedom.
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In the eighteenth century, the most important export from British North America was:
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Tobacco.
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As the eighteenth century progressed, tobacco, rice, and indigo made the southern colonies:
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The richest in North America.
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