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47 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Totalitarianism:
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• All political power consolidated in hands of one leader
• 3 varieties: Fascism, Nazism, Stalinism • Mussolini in Italy, Franco in Spain, Hitler in Germany, Stalin in Soviet Union • Popular in end of 19th beginning of 20th century • Ideologies that Hitler used to take over Germany and Europe and this conflicts with capitalist ideas that caused World War I and World War II |
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2) French Revolution:
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• 1789-1799
• Seminal event of 18th century • Gave birth to modern politics ideologies • Indirect cause: o Enlightenment o Public sphere o Economic troubles • Direct cause: o Fiscal crisis (support of the American War of Independence) • France • Robespierre • Continues to inform our contemporary notions of humans • Gave way to Napoleon |
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3) Robespierre:
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• Headed the Committee of Public Safety
• Earlier instance of using the “enemy within” • 1793 • Reign of Terror • Executed Louis XVI |
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4) Congress of Vienna
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• 1814-1815
• Prussia, Russia, Austria, Great Britain, France • Restore European Balance of power • Never restored the Holy Roman Empire; created the German Confederation • Great power agreed to meet periodically • Foundation of modern diplomacy • Goals: Prevent France from further acts of aggression • Started the Concert of Europe • Met after Napoleon was defeated |
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5) Reform Acts:
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• Britain
• 1832, 1867, 1884 • 1832: reapportioned parliament, making citizens more accurately represented and extended the vote • 1867: Extended the vote to Agriculture workers • 1884: majority of males have the vote • Stopped Revolution by revising the Government • People are starting to finally get the vote and gaining right through diplomacy not war or revolution. |
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6) Carlsbad Decrees
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• 1819
• Set of restrictions on the states of Germany of the German Confederation • Called by Metternich: he feared the liberal and national tendencies of German universities which might conduct revolutionary activities threatening monarchist order • Extensive system of spies and informants • The decrees increased government regulation of the universities, limiting what was taught, and made way for government censorship of German newspapers. • Quieted the German nationalist movement for about a decade. |
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7) Communist Manifesto:
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• 1848
• Marx and Engels • Presents an analytical approach to class struggle and problems with capitalists • Glorifies the rising up of lower classes • All revolutions are based on economic causes • History of the world is a class struggle • Outlined what communism is as an ideology |
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8) Crimean War:
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• 1853-1856
• Fought between Russia and Britain & France • Long running contest between major European powers for influence over territories of the declining Ottoman Empire • Brought great power changes to Europe • Congress System broke down • Creation of German Empire as dominant European Power • Emancipation of Serfs • Russia is defeated and need to reform • Leaves room for change in Europe after Russia is defeated |
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9) Italian Unification:
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• Mazzini and Garibaldi
• 1859-1861 • Nationalism was a big part • Mostly peaceful unification • Not a power struggle, gave up power for good of the state |
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10) German Unification:
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• Policy and ideology during this time was to take as much power as possible with out letting ideology get in the way
• Bismarck was an ultra conservative who took over German unification through diplomacy and compromise • The white revolution • Big part of this was Realpolitik • Prussia added to Germany • Bismarck: o “Blood and Iron” speech • 1871 Germany Unites |
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11) New Imperialism:
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• Colonial expansion adopted by European powers
• Ended with World War I • “White man’s burden” |
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12) Cold War:
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• 1945-1991
• Winston Churchill & “iron curtain” that had fallen over Europe • American & British pilots keep east Berlin supplied after Soviet government closed outside traffic • Cold war saw fall of the soviet union • Espionage came into play and big use of spies • Berlin Wall • Scientific Race between United States and Russia • Threat of Nuclear War |
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13) NATO
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• 1949
• Alliance between the united states and Western European nations in which members pledged to defend one another in case of attack • Still exists today but is not as strong because there is no longer a common enemy of Russia |
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14) Berlin Wall:
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• Stood for 28 years (construction began in 1961)
• Dismantled in 1989 • Chief image of the Cold war • After WWII, built to separate East Berlin and West Berlin |
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15) Mikhail Gorbachev:
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• General Secretary of Communist Party in Soviet Union
• De facto ruler of USSR • Domestic Reforms: o Perestroika = reconstructing o Glasnost = openness • Opened up the economy to controlled capitalism, which eventually got away from him |
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16) Otto von Bismarck:
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• Prime Minister of Prussia
• “Iron and Blood” Speech about unifying Germany • Believed that only war would unify Germany • Coined the term Realpolitik” putting national interest before ideology • Formed Imperial Germany with 3 wars • Created universal manhood suffrage in the Reichstag • 1815-1898 • Crimean war through German Confederation |
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17) Cavour:
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• 1810-1861
• Prime Minister of Piedmont Sardinia • Pursued Politics to gain more power • Used Realpolitik • Used nationalism to gain power • Through war and diplomacy he took over Northern Italy with Garibaldi and then they both liberated the South |
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18) Realpolitik:
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• Putting national interest above ideology
• Used by Cavour and Bismarck in the unification of Italy and Germany • Politics based on practical considerations • Term coined by Bismarck • 19th Century |
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19) Metternich:
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• German-Austrian politician
• Major figure in negations before and during Congress of Vienna • Carlsbad Decrees • Minister of State of Austria • Principal of Intervention: maintain or restore autocratic regimes • 1820 • Conservative, tried to stop liberal and radical revolutions |
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20) People’s War
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• Far reaching aims with extraordinary means
• States made major territorial demands or felt that there existence was at stake • War not just military, but also the people • Long-service • Armies replaced by short term conscript armies (draft) • War dependent on citizens morale • WWI for Germany • Warfare still used today |
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21) Kristallnacht:
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• 1938
• All German and Austrian synagogues were ordered burned by Goebbels in retaliation for the murder of a German by an angry Polish Jew. • Nazi regime ordered the Jewish community to pay for the damage done to its own property and also imposed a collective fine on it • First big and out right violence against Jews |
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22) Social Darwinism:
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• 1859
• Darwin’s Book Origins of Species inspired • Survival of the fittest • Countries that do not expand are doomed to decline • New Imperialism |
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23) Prague Spring
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• Period of political liberalization in Czechoslovakia during the era of its domination by the Soviet Union after World War II.
• 1968 • Wanted more mild form communism where learning and discussion were in encouraged • Russia’s Response: Invade |
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24) Five-year Plan:
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• Stalin
• Replaced new economic policy • Big push forward in industrialization • It was collectivization: everything under the government • Plans for improving the economy |
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25) Collectivization:
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• Communism - Stalinism
• Everything under the government • The enemy was kulaks: capitalist farmers • One key parts of communism • First big thing to accomplish to establish communism |
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26) Cult of personality:
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• Part of Stalin’s Revolution
• Arises when a country's leader uses mass media to create an idealized and heroic public image, often through unquestioning flattery and praise • How Stalin gained unquestioned /unchecked power • Glorifying Stalin |
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27) Liberalism:
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• 1st phase of French Revolution = positive
• Enfranchisement for “the people” i.e. male property, male property owners get the vote • Not always lassiez faire economic notions • Free market for land • Church subordinate to state • State should control public education |
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28) Conservatism:
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• Monarchy with no written constitution
• Alliance of “throne & alter” • Official religion = pilar of public order & morality • Tradition matters • Church control public schools • Politics of time before French Revolution • Strong rural and agricultural orientation |
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29) Fascism:
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• Mussolini in Italy
o Rose to power in 1922 o Black shirts |
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30) Nazism:
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• Hitler in Germany
• 1933-1945 |
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31) Third Estate
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• The poor people in France; people who do not have property
• Largest estate but least represented in parliament • Basically had no right • Sparked the French Revolution |
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32) Louis XVI
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• French king before and during French Revolution
• Executed by Robespierre • Represented conservative regime and old monarchical ways |
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33) Declaration of the Rights of Man and Citizen
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• Fundamental document of the French Revolution
• French version of the Bill of Rights • Establishes fundamental rights for French citizens and all men without exception • Says nothing about woman or slavery |
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34) Levee en masse:
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• It is a French term for mass conscription during the French Revolutionary Wars
• Used by Hitler in Nazi Germany • Everybody had to participate in the war • The war effort in everyone’s business • Robespierre and French Revolution |
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35) Napoleon Bonaparte:
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• Gains power in France in 1799 via coup
• Crowned himself emperor • Tries to conquer all Europe • Congress of Vienna • Was defeated and exiled |
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36) Woman’s suffrage
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• Started in France
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37) Dual Revolution:
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• Economic and political changes begin to reinforce each other ,uch more noticeably after 1815
• 1815 |
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38) A Doll’s House
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• Henrik Ibsen
• Play about woman’s place in the home versus woman’s rights in society • Encouraged woman’s rights • Nora was the main character • Shocked the audience at the time because Nora decided to be independent at the time and leave her family • Ibsen wrote two endings because of how controversial it was |
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39) Holocaust:
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• Hitler’s ethnic cleansing
• Riding Germany/World of Jews • Sees Jews a race, biological not ideological • A cause WWII • Concentration camps • Not just Jews, anyone who was not seen as ideal to Hitler or a political enemy |
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40) Joseph Stalin
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• Leader of Stalinist Party in USSR
• 1878-1953 • Five-year plans • Kulaks= enemy • Cult of personality • The great purge • Gulags = concentration camps of opponents of Stalin • Collectivization |
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41) Benito Mussolini:
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• Rose to power in 1922
• Fascism • Italy • Friends with Hitler • Controlled Italy during WWII |
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White Man’s Burden”
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• New Imperialism
• Responsibility of Europeans/ civilized white men to go into other countries to go into and “civilize” • Converting, exploiting, • South America, Africa |
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43) Jules Ferry
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• French Statesman
• Supported colonial expansion • Non-clerical organization on public education • Influential member of the moderate republican party • Extended colonial territories of France into Asia and Africa |
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The enemy within”:
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• Stalin and Hitler
• Bring together nation by finding someone to scapegoat within the nation • For Stalin it was the Kulaks for Hitler it was any who did not fit his biological prototype of ideal |
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45) Solidarity (Polish Trade Union):
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• First non-Communist-controlled trade union in a Warsaw Pact country
• Led to semi-free elections in 1989 • Survival of Solidarity was an unprecedented event not only in Poland, a satellite state of the USSR ruled (in practice) by a one-party Communist regime, |
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46) July Crisis:
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• Diplomatic crisis among the major powers of Europe in the summer of 1914 that led to the First World War
• Immediate occasion of the crisis was the assassination of Archduke Franz Ferdinand, heir to the Austro-Hungarian throne • Followed a series of diplomatic maneuverings which led to an ultimatum from Austria-Hungary to Serbia, and ultimately war between them |
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47) Warsaw Pact
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• Russia’s response to the NATO
• Communist Countries in Eastern Europe • International collective security alliance |
